Double-labeling experiments revealed nNOS/ChAT-positive cells in (1) the diencephalon: the preoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, the habenula, the dorsal thalamus, and the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus; (2) the mesencephalon: the optic tectum, the mesencephalic portion of the trigeminal nucleus, the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus; and (3) the rhombencephalon: the secondary gustatory nucleus, the nucleus isthmi, the lateral lemniscus nucleus, the cerebellum, the reticular formation, different nuclei of the octaval column, the motor zone of the vagal lobe, and the trigeminal, facial, abducens, glosso-pharyngeal, vagal, and hypobranchial motor nuclei. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 37 individuals with SNHL and 10 healthy controls, two regions of interest (ROIs) positioned along the auditory pathway-the lateral lemniscus (LL) and the inferior colliculus (IC)-were investigated bilaterally using diffusion tensor imaging at 3 T. RESULTS: The FA value was reduced and the lambda perpendicular was increased both at the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus of patients with SNHL compared with controls.
The MPL is bordered by the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus nucleus laterally, the oral pontine reticular formation medially, and the rubrospinal tract ventrally, whereas the A7 noradrenergic cell group is located immediately mediocaudal to the MPL.
Moreover, chemical block of glutamate transmissions in the contralateral inferior colliculus markedly reduced the ipsilaterally driven FFRs, which, however, were significantly enhanced by blocking the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Thus, FFRs in inferior colliculus to ipsilateral stimulation were facilitated by excitatory projections from the contralateral inferior colliculus but suppressed by inhibitory projections from the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus..
We used broadband noise stimuli to investigate the interaural-delay sensitivity of low-frequency neurons in two midbrain nuclei: the inferior colliculus (IC) and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
It has been shown that immunoreactivity to calbindin, parvalbumin, and calretinin in neurons and neuropil of nuclei of cochlear and superior olivary complexes, in nucleus of lateral lemniscus, and in spiral ganglion neurons coincides topographically with the high CO activity.
The spatial organization of projections from the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) and from the VNLL to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC) was investigated by using neuroanatomical tracing methods in the gerbil.
Functional mapping of the lateral lemniscus and the superior olivary complex as part of the auditory pathway was accomplished for the first time in mice in vivo using manganese-enhanced MRI (2.35T, 3D FLASH, 117 microm isotropic resolution). The results indicate an activation-dependent accumulation of manganese in the neural circuit composed of the cochlear nucleus, the superior olivary complex, the lateral lemniscus, and the inferior colliculus. The marked enhancement of the lateral lemniscus suggests that the stimulus-related accumulation of manganese reflects not only a regional uptake from extracellular fluid but also a concurrent delivery by axonal transport within the auditory system..
Wfs1-positive nerve fibers were found in the medial forebrain bundle, reticular part of the substantia nigra, globus pallidus, posterior caudate putamen, lateral lemniscus, alveus, fimbria, dorsal hippocampal commissure, subiculum, and to a lesser extent in the central sublenticular extended amygdala, compact part of substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area.
lateral lemniscus, central nucleus of IC, dorsal cortex of IC), they generally exhibited similar threshold versus phase duration, threshold versus pulse rate, and pitch versus pulse rate curves.
Axonal projections from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) distribute contralaterally in a pattern of banded layers in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC).
Although the intended target was the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC), the electrode array was implanted into different locations across patients (i.e., ICC, dorsal cortex of inferior colliculus, lateral lemniscus).
A group of ChAT-IR cells lies dorsal to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. A few ChAT-IR cells are found in the cochlear nucleus and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
METHODS: We performed a detailed pathoanatomical investigation of unconventionally thick tissue sections through the auditory brainstem nuclei (that is, nucleus of the inferior colliculus, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, superior olive, cochlear nuclei) and auditory brainstem fibre tracts (that is, lateral lemniscus, trapezoid body, dorsal acoustic stria, cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve) of clinically diagnosed and genetically confirmed SCA2, SCA3 and SCA7 patients. Serial brainstem tissue sections stained for myelin showed loss of myelinated fibres in two of the auditory brainstem fibre tracts (that is, lateral lemniscus, trapezoid body) in a subset of patients.
In the adult hindbrain, the cytoplasmic Math5-lacZ reporter is expressed within the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), in a subpopulation of neurons that project to medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), lateral superior olive (LSO), and lateral lemniscus (LL).
Double labeling with anti-KCNQ5 antibodies and anti-synaptophysin or anti-syntaxin, which mark synaptic endings, or anti-microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) antibodies, which mark dendrites, were used to analyze the subcellular distribution of KCNQ5 in neurons in the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus.
We found robust auditory activity in Uva and determined that Uva is innervated by the ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus, an auditory brainstem component.
Octopus cells, neurons in the most posterior and dorsal part of the mammalian ventral cochlear nucleus, convey the timing of synchronous firing of auditory nerve fibers to targets in the contralateral superior paraolivary nucleus and ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
We recorded from ITD-sensitive neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) while presenting pure tones at different ITDs embedded in noise.
The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) receives afferent inputs from many brain stem nuclei and, in turn, is a major source of inhibitory inputs to the inferior colliculus (IC).
One part (zone 1) receives almost all of its ascending input from the cochlear nuclei, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and the main nuclei of the superior olivary complex; the other part (zone 2) receives inputs from the cochlear nuclei and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus but few or no inputs from the main olivary nuclei.
There were no significant differences (P < .05) in the ADC and FA in the lateral lemniscus and medial geniculate body of young and elderly subjects.
CO activity increased in the granular cell layer of dorsal cochlear nucleus, trapezoid body nucleus, intermediate lateral lemniscus, central and external inferior colliculus, and pyramidal cell layer of primary auditory cortex.
In four sites (cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus) of the brainstem auditory nuclei and pathway on four cross-sections obtained perpendicular to the long axis of the brainstem, signal changes of T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images were analyzed using a region-of-interest methodology according to corrected postnatal age. The lateral lemniscus showed myelinated intensity change from -3 to 8 corrected postnatal weeks on T1-weighted images and from -1 to 13 corrected postnatal weeks on T2-weighted images.
Motoneurons controlling TT were located ventral to the ipsilateral motor trigeminal nucleus and extended rostrally towards the medial aspect of the lateral lemniscus.
Axonal projections from the lateral superior olivary nuclei (LSO), as well as from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), converge in frequency-ordered layers in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) where they distribute among different synaptic compartments.
We performed in vivo recordings in Mongolian gerbils of neurons of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), a GABAergic brainstem nucleus that targets the auditory midbrain, and show that these DNLL neurons exhibit inhibition that persists tens of milliseconds beyond the stimulus offset, so-called persistent inhibition (PI).
Injecting TTX directly in the adjacent lateral lemniscus, which could possibly influence CR acquisition, had no effect on learning.
After blocking the massive GABAergic projection from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to the contralateral central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) in anesthetized rats, a reactive increase in the efficacy of other inhibitory circuits in the ICC (separable because of the dominant ear that drives each circuit) was demonstrated with physiological measures-single-neuron activity and a neural-population-evoked response.
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that unilateral or bilateral cochlear ablation at postnatal day 2 (P2) disrupts the development of afferent bands from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to the IC.
When the inhibitory receptors were not pharmacologically blocked, taurine reversibly reduced the postsynaptic currents/potentials evoked by electrically stimulating the commissure of the inferior colliculus or the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus.
Notably, particularly high levels of Cbln mRNAs were expressed in some nuclei and neurons, whereas their postsynaptic targets often lacked or were low for any Cbln mRNAs, as seen for cerebellar granule cells/Purkinje cells, entorhinal cortex/hippocampus, intralaminar group of thalamic nuclei/caudate-putamen, and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus/central nucleus of the inferior colliculus.
Recordings were made from single neurons in the rat's ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) to determine responses to amplitude-modulated (AM) tones.
The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) has been implicated in the processing of such temporal features of a sound.
The function of the ventral and intermediate nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL and INLL), collectively termed ventral complex of the lateral lemniscus (VCLL), is unclear.
While the majority of labeled fibers were smooth in appearance, a few fibers with en passant type varicosities (indicating synapses) were observed in the dorsolateral area of the pontine nuclei, adjacent to the lateral lemniscus.
It was concluded that: (1) auditory sensitivity in X-ALD is not significantly impaired; (2) ABR abnormalities are a frequent finding and may be caused by abnormalities of fiber tracts in the region of the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus; and, (3) the abnormalities progress slowly and appear to be associated mainly with the AMN phenotype..
Both cues are initially processed in the superior olivary complex (SOC), which projects to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and the auditory midbrain.
The inferior colliculus (IC) receives its major ascending input from the cochlear nuclei, the superior olivary complex, and the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. Both groups had labeled cells in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus and the superior paraolivary nucleus.
Responses to monaural and binaural tone bursts were recorded from neurons in the rat's ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL).
Interaural time differences, a cue for azimuthal sound location, are first encoded in the superior olivary complex (SOC), and this information is then conveyed to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and inferior colliculus (IC).
Projections were also found into a number of auditory nuclei, namely the nucleus cochlearis-complex, superior olive, ventral and dorsal nuclei of the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus.
Transverse slice planes of the ICC sever the layers and many of the ascending axons that enter through the lateral lemniscus. Here, we use a slice plane that maintains the integrity of the laminae in ICC and allows the axons in the lateral lemniscus to be stimulated at a distance from the ICC.
Here we report on response properties and the roles of inhibition in three brain stem nuclei of Mexican-free tailed bats: the inferior colliculus (IC), the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (INLL).
In the present study, we characterized the normal distribution of TH as well as changes following deafness (bilateral cochlear ablation) in the IC and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. Many TH immunoreactive fibers and puncta were identified in the IC and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus of normal hearing animals and labeling was most dense in the external cortex of the IC. In the central nucleus of the IC and dorsal lateral lemniscus many lightly labeled TH neurons were also DBH positive.
In addition, an increase was noted in the size of spiral ganglion cells as well as a decrease in the volume and cell size of the cochlear nucleus (CN), the superior olivary complex nuclei (SOC), and the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (LL) and the inferior colliculus (IC).
Relatively large numbers of retrogradely filled cells around the lateral lemniscus at consistent locations in the medulla indicate that a perilemniscal cell group also might be a component of the directional hearing circuit..
The synaptic pharmacology of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) was investigated in brain slices obtained from rats of 14-37 days old using intracellular recording techniques.
Urocortin 1-positive neurons were detected in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of DBA/2J mice, but were absent in the C57BL/6J strain.
In the mammalian brain, such interaural time differences (ITDs) are encoded in the auditory brain stem; first by the medial superior olive (MSO) and then transferred to higher centers, such as the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), a brain stem nucleus that gets a direct input from the MSO.
The function of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL), a secondary processing site within the auditory brain stem, is unclear.
Isolated lesions of the inferior colliculus have previously been reported, whereas no detailed description of a localized involvement of the lateral lemniscus is yet available. We report a unilateral lesion of the lateral lemniscus by a bleeding in a cavernoma. This observation shows that a unilateral lesion of the lateral lemniscus can produce auditory symptoms.
The [ 2-14C]acetate uptake coefficient in the inferior colliculus and lateral lemniscus during acoustic stimulation was 15% and 18% (p < 0.01) higher in the activated compared to contralateral hemisphere, whereas CMR(glc) in these structures rose by 66% (p < 0.01) and 42% (p < 0.05), respectively.
The main axon used the IAS and followed one of two routes occasionally giving off olivary complex collaterals on their way to the contralateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL).
A bilateral slight increase of c-Fos expression in all subdivisions of the lateral lemniscus (LL) did not reach statistical significance.
Carbonyl sulfide specifically targeted the auditory system including the olivary nucleus, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and posterior colliculus.
The distribution and quantity of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) were mapped in the nuclei of the superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus in the developing and mature rat brain. More moderate levels of transcript and protein were measured in the ventral, intermediate, and dorsal nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, lateral and medial ventral posterior olivary nuclei, rostral periolivary region, lateral periolivary nucleus, caudal periolivary region, ventral and dorsal trapezoid nuclei, medial superior olive, and the lateral superior olive. In a separate experiment, alpha 7 transcript was quantified in the superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus of +/+ and null mutant (-/-) mice for the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene.
Brainstem nuclear projections to the IC arrive first from the lateral lemniscus nuclei then the superior olive and finally the cochlear nuclei.
Strong HCN1 staining was present on octopus and bushy cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus, principal neurons of the lateral and medial superior olive, and neurons of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. In contrast, HCN2 staining was strongest in the MNTB and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
Part of these boutons appeared to arise from nuclei of the lateral lemniscus and the superior olive, and a certain percentage likely represented endings of inhibitory interneurons..
To understand how ICC neurons integrate excitatory and inhibitory inputs for processing temporal information, we examined postsynaptic responses of ICC neurons to repetitive stimulation of the lateral lemniscus at 10-100 Hz in rat brain slices.
This report describes fiber dissection technique for tracing the auditory pathway from the cochlear nerve to the medial geniculate body via the lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus and inferior brachium.
Biotin was detected in cells of the spiral ganglion, somata and proximal dendrites of cells in the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary nuclei, medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
Some units resembled the response of constant latency neurons found in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of bats.
Some fibers of this main ascending pathway branch off to other nuclei such as the nuclei of the superior olivary complex and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
Activation in subcortical structures included the medial geniculate body, inferior colliculus, lateral lemniscus, superior olivary complex, and cochlear nucleus.
Following lesions of the medial paralemniscal nucleus, TIP39-immunoreactive fibers disappeared from the medial geniculate body, the periaqueductal gray, the deep layers of the superior colliculus, the external cortex of the inferior colliculus, the cuneiform nucleus, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the locus coeruleus, the subcoeruleus area, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, the periolivary nuclei, and the spinal cord, suggesting that these regions receive TIP39-containing fibers from the medial paralemniscal nucleus, and unilateral lesions demonstrated that the projections are ipsilateral.
Exposed animals also showed significant increases in the ipsilateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, central nucleus of inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body.
The immunocytochemical results demonstrated a significant increase in exposed animals of FLI in auditory brain structures such as the lateral lemniscus, central nucleus of inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex, as well as in some nonauditory brain structures such as the locus coeruleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, certain subregions of the hypothalamus, and amygdala.
Octopus cells convey precisely timed information to nuclei in the superior olivary complex and lateral lemniscus that, in turn, send inhibitory input to the inferior colliculus.
In addition, we found high levels of Kv1.1 in neurons of the columnar subdivision of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and in ventral periolivary cell groups. Neurons with high levels of Kv1.1 were differentially distributed in the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and in the inferior colliculus, suggesting that these structures contain functionally distinct cell populations, some of which may be involved in high-precision temporal processing..
In this study, we used Phaseolus leucoagglutinin as an anterograde tracer to examine the projections from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus to the contralateral IC in adult ferrets.
Calbindin-positive neurons and fibres were concentrated in the dorsal aspect of the central nucleus and in structures surrounding it: the dorsal cortex, the lateral lemniscus, the ventrolateral nucleus, and the intercollicular region.
They have prominent dendritic processes that are oriented transversely and extend into the lateral lemniscus.
Na(v)1.3-LI was observed in fiber tracts such as the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, corticofugal fibers, lateral lemniscus, and cerebellar peduncles.
One to five days after bilateral cochlear ablation, the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) was measured with whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in an inferior colliculus (IC) brain slice preparation in response to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus (LL) or the commissure of the inferior colliculus (CIC).
These results suggest that dopamine and norepinephrine are involved in the electrical transmission at the superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus levels..
Seven weeks after hatching, ir-GHRH cells were also identified in the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the cerebellum.
This study evaluated how neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) in Mexican free-tailed bats respond to both tone bursts and species-specific calls.
Synaptic responses were elicited by applying a current pulse to the lateral lemniscus just below the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus.
By contrast, immunoreactive staining in other brainstem areas (e.g., dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus), thalamic (medial geniculate body) auditory areas, and neighboring non-auditory structures was similar in jaundiced and control rats.
The medial division of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLLm) contains a specialized population of neurons that is sensitive to interaural temporal disparities (ITDs), a potent cue for sound localization along the azimuth.
The mesencephalon contained TRHir cells in the rostrodorsal tegmentum, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the torus semicircularis, and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
We therefore propose a mechanism of integration across frequency channels that may originate within the inferior colliculus and/or the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.
Electrode path was along the fibers of the lateral lemniscus (LL).
The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major source of input to the inferior colliculus.
EI neurons are first created in the lateral superior olive (LSO), but they also dominate the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and regions of the IC.
Brain slice studies of neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) indicate that excitatory responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral lemniscus consist of two components, an early, rapid response mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and a later, a slower one mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.
Responses were elicited by current pulse stimulation of the lateral lemniscus and recordings were made in ICC using either current clamp or voltage clamp methods.
To this end, we have employed unbiased stereological methods to estimate neuron number in the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body.
Y1R staining of processes, often fiber and/or dot-like, and occasional cell bodies was also seen in tracts, such as the lateral lemniscus, the rubrospinal tract and the spinal tract of the trigeminal.
These neurons resided in the posteroventral and anteroventral cochlear nucleus, the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the lateral superior olive, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, the dorsal and ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus.
However in five brain regions, dizocilpine injected HSP70 Tg mice displayed significantly altered LCGU compared to dizocilpine injected WT mice (anterior thalamic nucleus +27%, dorsal CA1 stratum lacunosum molecularae +22%, dorsal CA1 stratum oriens + 14%, superior olivary body -26%, and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus -16%).
Novel AT(1) binding sites were discovered in the pituitary, retrorubral field, periolivary region, dorsolateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsal raphe, and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei.
In case one, we suppose a lateral spread between the lateral lemniscus and the central trigeminal pathway.
The responses of single neurons in the posterior part of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus were recorded to stimulation with binaurally correlated and binaurally uncorrelated noise. Neurons in the posterior part of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus encode the interaural level difference of binaurally correlated and binaurally uncorrelated noise with equal accuracy and precision.
Auditory evoked potentials were recorded in 360 homogeneously spaced sites, in a volume encapsulating the lateral lemniscus-inferior colliculus transition of anaesthetized rats, in order to calculate the electric field vector distribution with each moment in time referenced to the onset of sound presentation. This technique allowed a clear visualization of two distinct discharges arising from the lateral lemniscus towards the inferior colliculus, thus recording signal propagation, as a movie file, with 0.06 ms time resolution..
In the lateral lemniscus complex, c-Fos activation was scarce in isolated rats and increased strongly after stimulation.
Positive cells were seen in the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the rostral periolivary region, the lateroventral and medioventral periolivary nuclei, the dorsal periolivary region, the superior paraolivary nucleus, and the external cortex and dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus.
To address this question, we used a two-tone paradigm to examine responses of single units to combination stimuli in a brainstem structure, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (NLL).
In the rostral auditory nuclei (nuclei of the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus), the alpha1 subunit transcript appears later (P8) than in the caudal nuclei (cochlear nuclear complex and superior olivary complex; P0).
All three nuclei of the torus also have reciprocal connections with the superior olive and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
Notably, Kv3.1 mRNA was not expressed in neurons of the medial and lateral superior olive and a subpopulation of neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
vestibular and cochlear nuclei, cells and fibers at the floor of the fourth ventricle with morphologic features of tanycytes, parabrachial nuclei (PBN), medial lemniscus, lateral lemniscus, inferior cerebellar peduncle and cerebellar white matter, central tegmental tract, and the capsule of the red nucleus.
In the A7 cell group, within and medial to the lateral lemniscus, numerous Fluorogold labelled and DbetaH positive neurones were found, but no neurones were seen that were double-labelled.
To test this, we measured ITD tuning across frequency in neurons from the superior olivary complex, the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the inferior colliculus, the auditory thalamus, and the auditory cortex.
By reversibly inactivating the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) in Mexican free-tailed bats with kynurenic acid, we show that the EI properties of many IC cells are formed de novo via an inhibitory projection from the DNLL on the opposite side.
Some penetrations yielded predominantly monaural responses with a fairly broad dynamic range, similar to those recorded from the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (LLV) and the cochlear nucleus angularis, whereas other penetrations contained predominantly binaural responses sensitive to interaural time differences (ITD).
In the midbrain, GAL-ir neurons appeared in the pretectal olivary nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, the medial and lateral lemniscus, periaqueductal gray, and the interpeduncular nucleus.
The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a prominent neuronal group that lies within the auditory pathway connecting the auditory lower brainstem and midbrain. Bushy cells and stellate cells responded to stimulation of the lateral lemniscus with excitatory and/or inhibitory synaptic potentials.
We have studied by in situ hybridization for GAD65 mRNA in thick sections and by semiquantitative postembedding immunocytochemistry in consecutive semithin sections, the expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine in cell bodies and axosomatic puncta of the rat ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL), a prominent monaural brainstem auditory structure.
Here we describe, using in situ hybridization, the subunit expression patterns of GABA(A) receptors in the rat cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, and dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. In both the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, alpha1, beta3 and gamma2L are the main subunit messenger RNAs; the ventral nucleus also expresses the delta subunit.
Moderate levels of Y1 immunoreactivity were found the in the main olfactory bulb, dorsomedial part of suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus, pontine nuclei, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, external cuneate nucleus, area postrema, and nucleus tractus solitarius.
Neurons in each of these four classes projected to the inferior colliculus and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus..
This information is sent primarily to the subdivisions of the inferior colliculus and to the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. Little is known about the transmitter types used by olivary projections to the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, but they are presumed to be similar to the collicular projections. Olivary efferents to the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus are also key components of ascending pathways that inhibit neurons in the midbrain..
The circuits include those that are part of the ascending auditory system (to the inferior and superior colliculi, lateral lemniscus, and medial geniculate nucleus), the descending auditory system (to the cochlea and cochlear nucleus), and the middle ear reflex circuits..
It was found that injections made into the ventrolateral pons around the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and superior olive could block periaqueductally elicited vocalization.
In the rhombencephalon, labeled cells were seen in the majority of the nuclei in the latero-dorsal pontine tegmentum, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the trapezoid, vestibular medial, vestibular inferior and cochlear nuclei, the prepositus hypoglossal, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the infratrigeminal nucleus and the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the rhombencephalic reticular formation.
In a previous paper (Reed and Blum, 1999), we examined the connectional hypotheses put forward by Markovitz and Pollak (1994) to explain the steady-state behavior of cells in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL).
To better understand the development of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic responses of DNLL neurons in brain slice preparations were examined. Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs), with excitatory predominance, were elicited by electrical stimulation of the lateral lemniscus and commissure of Probst throughout the three age groups.
The lesion was suspected of affecting ipsilateral side of the spinal trigeminal nerve tract and the nucleus, the intraaxial infranuclear facial nerve fiber, the lateral lemniscus adjacent to the superior olivary nucleus and the central gustatory tract.
Several of these inputs, including inhibitory connections from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), are highly ordered and organized into series of afferent bands or patches.
In the midbrain, transient elevations and/or deficits in binding were evident in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus as well as in the central and dorsal nucleus of the inferior colliculus. A persistent deficit was evident in the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
In the mustached bat, we have discovered a population of such FM selective cells in an area interposed between the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) and the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (NLL).
alpha7 mRNA and protein are expressed in selected regions of the cochlear nucleus (CN), inferior colliculus (IC), medial superior olive, lateral superior olive, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and superior paraolivary nucleus.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether long-term potentiation (LTP) can be induced in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) by electrical stimulation of the lateral lemniscus.
In addition, AAF and particularly DP and VP project to paralemniscal regions around the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), to the DNLL itself and to the rostroventral aspect of the superior olivary complex.
For lesions restricted to the lateral lemniscus and/or inferior colliculus, whether unilateral or bilateral, just noticeable differences (JNDs) were nearly always abnormal, but for caudal pontine lesions JNDs could be normal or abnormal.
The methodology used clearly indicates sequential signal propagation from the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus up to the inferior colliculus..
It is present, e.g., in the cochlear nuclei, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and the inferior colliculus.
Biotin injections into physiologically identified auditory sites in nucleus centralis (NC) in the torus semicircularis show a medial column of retrogradely filled neurons in the medulla mainly in a dorsomedial division of a descending octaval nucleus (DO), dorsal and ventral divisions of a secondary octaval nucleus (SO), and the reticular formation (RF) near the lateral lemniscus. Terminal fields are identified in the medulla (ventral SO, RF), isthmus (nucleus praeeminentialis), midbrain (nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, medial pretoral nucleus, contralateral NC, tectum), diencephalon (lateral preglomerular, central posterior, and anterior tuber nuclei), and telencephalon (area ventralis).
Binaural responses of single neurons in the rat's central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) were recorded before and after local injection of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists (either 1,2, 3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo[ f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide disodium [ NBQX], (+/-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid [ CPP], 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione [ CNQX], or (+/-)-2amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid [ APV]) into the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL).
Whole-cell and gramicidin-perforated patch recordings were obtained from inferior colliculus neurons, and IPSCs were evoked by stimulation of the commissure of the inferior colliculus (CIC) or the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus (LL) in the presence of kynurenic acid.
The purpose of the present study was to determine the development of the projection from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to the IC in rat prior to the onset of hearing (postnatal day 12/13).
While GAD neurons were numerous and preferably localized in the dorsal (DLL) and ventral (VLL) nuclei, neurons expressing these peptides were less numerous and localized primarily in the intermediate (ILL) nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. The ILL nucleus was shown to project to the inferior colliculus and to express Fos rapidly in response to peripheral acoustic stimulation, suggesting that the ILL nucleus may take part in non-GABAergic relay of acoustic information in the lateral lemniscus..
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from neurons in the rat's dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) in a brain slice preparation.
In the hindbrain, CR-IR was first observed in the rostromedial regions of the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis and the nucleus laminaris, and in the dorsal regions of the nucleus angularis and in the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
CRN axons, which are remarkably thick, enter the trapezoid body, cross the midline, and ascend in the rostral aspect of the lateral lemniscus to reach the upper levels of the midbrain.
Several studies have been performed in which both the time-dependent and steady state output of cells in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) have been measured in response to binaural sound stimulation.
The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus.
Many immunoreactive puncta surrounded the neuronal somata in the cochlear nuclear complex, the superior olivary complex, and the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.
In the present study, we correlated asymmetries in the outputs of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to the two inferior colliculi (ICs), with asymmetries in the inputs to DNLL from the two lateral superior olives (LSOs).
High to moderate levels of prepronociceptin messenger RNA expression were detected in the lateral, ventral and medial septum, and were evident in brainstem structures implicated in descending antinociceptive pathways (e.g., the gigantocellular nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter), and also observed in association with auditory relay nuclei such as the inferior colliculi, lateral lemniscus nucleus, medioventral preolivary nucleus and lateral superior nucleus.
Labeling in the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the magnocellular part of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus together comprised nearly 40% of all labeled cells. If the spectral integration of FM-FM neurons is created at the level of the ICC, these results suggest that neurons of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus or monaural nuclei of the lateral lemniscus may provide the essential low-frequency input.
Magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological studies demonstrated a demyelinating lesion in the pons affecting the right lateral lemniscus and the right trigeminal pathway.
The physiological properties including current-voltage relationships, firing patterns, and synaptic responses of the neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) were studied in brain slices taken through the young rat's (17-37 days old) auditory brain stem. Intracellular recordings were made from VNLL neurons, and synaptic potentials were elicited by electrical stimulation of the lateral lemniscus ventral to the VNLL. Many VNLL neurons responded to stimulation of the lateral lemniscus with excitatory or inhibitory responses or both.
The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) is an auditory structure of the brainstem.
After recordings were made, both anterograde and retrograde tract tracing methods were used to verify that the CP was completely transected and that all crossed projections from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to ICC were destroyed.
After perfusion of these cats, histological examination of the brainstem revealed complete ablation of both ICs, neuronal loss in the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the superior olivary complex and preservation of the cochlear nucleus. Our results suggest that retrograde degeneration of neuronal cells of the brainstem, which project to the IC from the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and superior olivary complex except the cochlear nucleus, affect the peak amplitudes of the ABR over the long-term..
AT2 mRNA is detected beginning at E15 in the subthalamic and hypoglossus nuclei; at E17 in the pedunculopontine nucleus, cerebellum, motor facial nucleus, and the inferior olivary complex; at E19 in the thalamus, bed nucleus of the supraoptic decussation, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, locus coeruleus, and supragenual nucleus; and at E21 in the lateral septal and medial amygdaloid nuclei, medial geniculate body, and the superior colliculus.
No significant increase of FLI was observed in the central nucleus of the IC, ventral and dorsal parts of the MGB, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, or ventral cochlear nucleus.
The monaural nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, whose roles are not understood (although they are ubiquitous in higher vertebrates), receive input from multiple pathways that encode timing with precision, some through calyceal endings..
The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) is a distinct auditory neuronal group located ventral to the inferior colliculus (IC).
The conventional view, based largely on studies in cats, holds that the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) is tonotopically organized with a dorsal (low-frequency) to ventral (high-frequency) representation.
Both retrograde and anterograde labelings were mainly found in: 1) the deep cerebellar nuclei; 2) the lateral lemniscus and paralemniscal nuclei, deep gray, and white intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, tegmental (laterodorsal and microcellular) nuclei, and central gray; and 3) the septohypothalamic nucleus, and lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas.
The aim of the present study was to characterize the discharge properties of single neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) of the rat.
Here we have studied age-dependent changes in the expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits in the cochlear nucleus complex (CN), the superior olivary complex (SOC), the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and the inferior colliculus of the developing rat. In the lateral superior olive, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the distribution of AMPA receptor subunits changed drastically with age.
The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus had a crude tonotopy. Although expression was present, tonotopy was not evident in periolivary nuclei or in the ventral or intermediate nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.
NTT4 is detected beginning at E18 in various parts of the rat brain, including the cerebral cortex, fimbria hippocampi, fornix, lateral lemniscus, anterior commissure, and spinal cord.
A total of 40 neurons from of the central nucleus of the mouse inferior colliculus (IC) were recorded intracellularly from brain slices to determine input properties by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus (LL), commissure of Probst (CP), and commissure of the IC (CoIC) together with cellular morphology (in 25 neurons) by biocytin injection and staining.
Previous evidence suggests that the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus play an important role in processing timing information that is essential for target range determination in echolocation.
Neurons in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (NLL) of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, show several distinctive patterns of response to unmodulated tones. Extracellular recordings were obtained from single neurons in the multipolar and columnar divisions of the ventral nucleus (VNLLm and VNLLc), the intermediate nucleus (INLL) and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL).
The ventral complex of the lateral lemniscus (VCLL, i.e., the ventral and intermediate nuclei) is composed of cells embedded in the fibers of the lateral lemniscus.
Brainstem afferents to the PDVR originate in the dorsal interpeduncular nucleus, the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and parabrachial nucleus.
Medullary nuclei projected to the auditory midbrain by means of the lateral lemniscus.
To evaluate the contribution made to gerbil ICC neuron physiology by two major afferent pathways, we examined the synaptic responses evoked by direct stimulation of the commissure of the inferior colliculus (CIC) and the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus (LL).
Rostral lateral lemniscus (LL) lesions (3 patients) were associated with absent (one patient) or abnormal (two patients) orientation of the third BICs component (at the time of ABEPs VI); and a side-biased lateralization with behavioral testing.
Additionally, axons of cells of the trigeminal system and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus project caudally into the spinal cord.
Previous studies have shown that comparable phase-locking to SAM occurs in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and medial superior olive (MSO) of the mustache bat.
The first site of binaural convergence in the pathway that processes ILD is the ventral lateral lemniscus pars posterior (VLVp).
Five possible sources for the inhibition are considered: the auditory nerve, intrinsic circuits in the cochlear nucleus, medial and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body inhibition to the medial superior olive, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) inhibition to the ICC, and intrinsic circuits in the ICC itself..
ABRs represent the progressive activation of the auditory pathway from the acoustic nerve (wave I) to the lateral lemniscus (wave V).
The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) is a binaural nucleus whose neurons are excited by stimulation of the contralateral ear and inhibited by stimulation of the ipsilateral ear.
Extracellular recordings were made with microelectrodes from single neurons in the rat's dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and response characteristics were determined for monaural and binaural acoustic stimulation. The responses of DNLL neurons could be distinguished on the basis of monaural and binaural response characteristics from those in surrounding areas including the sagulum, paralemniscal zone and the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus..
A second class (represented by the nucleus ruber, the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and the tangential nucleus) showed a regenerative response only after proximal lesion.
These include the lateral superior olive (LSO), ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, medial superior olive, dorsomedial and ventromedial periolivary nuclei, and the MNTB itself.
[ iii] Transient elevations of release occurred at 59 days in the ipsilateral posteroventral CN ([ 14C]glycine) and bilaterally in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus ([ 14C]GABA) after ossicle removal, and bilaterally in the medial superior olive ([ 14C]glycine) after cochlear ablation.
In contrast to the ease of finding tonotopicity in other nuclei, both anatomical and electrophysiological methods have failed to demonstrate a clear and simple tonotopic map within the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VLL).
Results show an attenuation of Fos expression following TMR in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and medial geniculate nucleus.
Neurodegeneration was also seen in the trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus, but was less pronounced than in the CN.
The objective of the present study was to provide direct evidence regarding GABAergic projections from the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC), and from the ICC to the opposite ICC. The results from FG retrograde labeling alone showed that neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) bilaterally, in the intermediate and ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (INLL and VNLL) ipsilaterally, and in the ICC contralaterally project to the ICC. GABA immunostaining alone showed substantial numbers of GABA positive neurons in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus. FG and GABA double-labeled neurons were present in all nuclei of the lateral lemniscus that project to the ICC.
The paralemniscal tegmental area is situated in the dorsolateral tegmentum ventral to the inferior colliculus and rostral and medial to the dorsal and intermediate nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.
The projections to physiologically defined tonotopic regions of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) from the adult rat's superior olivary complex (SOC) and lateral lemniscus were investigated using retrograde tract tracing methods. In the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) neurons were labeled both ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the injection site with a larger proportion projecting to the contralateral side. The intermediate and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (INLL and VNLL) were also labeled ipsilaterally and exhibited a distribution of tracer that depended on the frequency of the injection site: the low frequency projection was banded but the high frequency projection was more evenly distributed..
Inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials were evoked by electrical stimulation of the ascending afferents at the level of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. In addition, GABA(A) and glycine receptor antagonists typically led to an increase of calcium in collicular neurons during electrical stimulation of the ascending afferent pathway at the level of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
Input projections were observed contralaterally from: all three divisions of cochlear nucleus; intermediate and dorsal nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (LL); and the central nucleus, external nucleus and dorsal cortex of the IC.
Neurons in the lateral lemniscus were most vulnerable, followed in order by neurons in the trapezoid body, the superior olive and the cochlear nucleus.
To identify possible neural correlates of this interference, we recorded responses of single units in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus to combinations of a broad-band click and a test signal (pure tones or frequency-modulated sweeps). Both types of units were found throughout the lateral lemniscus except for the columnar division of the ventral nucleus, where all units tested exhibited latency ambiguity.
Contralaterally, the majority of labeled fibers were located in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. These regions included bilaterally the principal nuclei of the superior olivary complex, some periolivary regions, and the sagulum, as well as the ipsilateral intermediate and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, and lateral pontine nucleus. With the exception of calyceal-type endings in the contralateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the varicose fibers in all regions, including the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, were beaded, en passant type terminal varicosities..
After multiple injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the SC, the heaviest concentrations of labelled cells were found in the nucleus of the brachium (BIN) and external nucleus of the inferior colliculus, with much weaker labelling in the nucleus sagulum, dorsal, intermediate and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, paralemniscal regions, and periolivary nuclei.
The three nuclei of the cat lateral lemniscus (dorsal, intermediate, and ventral) were distinguished by their immunoreactivities for the putative inhibitory transmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. These differences in neuronal immunoreactivity and in the relative abundance of GABA-and glycine-immunoreactive perisomatic puncta among the three nuclei of the lateral lemniscus support connectional and electrophysiological evidence that each nucleus has a different functional role in auditory processing.
Hyperpolarization-activated inward current in neurons of the rat's dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in vitro. The hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) underlying inward rectification in neurons of the rat's dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) was investigated using whole cell patch-clamp techniques.
Additional afferent input originated from the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
Second, a number of auditory structures (cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus and the medial division of the medial geniculate body) displayed a clear intensity-dependent increase in c-fos induction.
Other nuclei, known to be involved in auditory transmission (i.e., superior olivary complex; trapezoid nucleus; dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, DNLL), did not show differential FLI densities between seizure and AS control animals.
Neurons of the columnar region of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of Eptesicus fuscus respond with high-precision constant-latency responses to sound onsets and possess remarkably broad tuning.
The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is implicated in processing monaural sounds, because its neurons receive input chiefly from the contralateral cochlear nucleus.
The findings are consistent with a pathologic process located mainly between the cochlear nucleus and the lateral lemniscus in the auditory brain stem pathways.
The synaptic events underlying the excitation of neurons in the rat's dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus were studied by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in a brain slice preparation of the auditory midbrain. Synaptic responses were evoked by a bipolar stimulating electrode placed on the lateral lemniscus just ventral to the dorsal nucleus. Under voltage-clamp conditions, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus neurons responded to stimulation of the lateral lemniscus with excitatory postsynaptic currents. The results indicate that both N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic responses are present in dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus neurons of rats at 21-35 days of age. The long-duration N-methyl-D-aspartate component is probably responsible for the prolonged inhibitory effect of dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus neurons on physiological responses in the rat's inferior colliculus..
The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus also contained GABA-positive projection neurons.
When PHAL was injected into the SpVe, labeled ascending fibers ran along the lateral lemniscus forming a loose bundle, and terminated in the medial part of the rostrocaudal extent of the medial geniculate body, and the posterior and ventral thalamic nuclei.
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