We report that expression of the immediate early gene (IEG) FosB is increased in medial hypothalamic nuclei, anterior hypothalamus, and posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (THPVP) following RH. We identified the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a key autonomic output site, among the regions expressing FosB. 
The three GIRK subunits are widely distributed throughout the brain, with an overlapping expression in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, thalamic nuclei, pontine nuclei, and granular layer of the cerebellum.
However, only some double-labelled neurons were found in other hypothalamic nuclei with abundant CTB-positive neurons, such as the paraventricular nucleus, perifornical area and H1 Forel field.
The posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (THPVP) has been identified as a forebrain region that modulates the central nervous system (CNS) response to recurrent experiences of stressors.
In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PAH), lateral hypothalamic area (LH), paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), locus coeruleus (LC), lateral parabrachial nucleus (Pbl), the complex of the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMX), numbers of neurons expressing c-Fos protein were much higher in test than in control experiments.
Ethanol-induced reductions of alpha-MSH immunoreactivity were site-specific and were noted in regions of the hypothalamus and extended amygdala, as well as the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is part of a group of midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei implicated in arousal and attention.
We measured neuronal activation in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMN) of the hypothalamus, and nucleus dorsomedialis posterior thalami (DMP) of the thalamus.
MeHg within thalamic (anterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVA)/posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PV)), hypothalamic (paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN)), central amygdaloid nucleus (CeC), septal and hippocampal (dentate gyrus) nuclei, medial bed nucleus (BSTm) and the locus coeruleus (Lc).
The thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT) receives a dense innervation from orexin-synthesizing lateral hypothalamic neurons.
The majority of PRV-ir cells exhibited either AR or ER immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and zona incerta, areas known to play roles in male rat mating behavior.
A role for the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT) is suggested by observations that scheduled feeding synchronizes daily rhythms of glucose utilization and immediate early gene and circadian clock gene expression in this area.
Nuclear LRH-1 immunoreactivity was also localized in cells involved in fatty acid/glucose metabolism, including hepatocytes, brown adipocytes, and cardiomyocytes, and neurons involved in the regulation of food intake, including the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus and paraventricular nucleus of thalamus.
The shell of the nucleus accumbens (NacSh) receives a dense innervation from dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and from glutamate neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT).
Moreover bulbectomy reduced open field-induced cFOS expression in the basal nucleus of the stria terminalis while concurrently increasing expression in the hippocampus, amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and dorsal raphe nucleus.
Low voltage-activated Ca2+ channels (LVA or T-type Ca2+ channels) are crucial to burst firing and oscillations in thalamocortical relay cells and are exhibited by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (PVT), a dorsal midline nucleus deemed important in the neural representation of motivational behaviours.
Brain regions activated during orgasm included the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, accumbens-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis-preoptic area, hippocampus, basal ganglia (especially putamen), cerebellum, and anterior cingulate, insular, parietal and frontal cortices, and lower brainstem (central gray, mesencephalic reticular formation, and NTS).
PMNPQ and rolipram elevated FLI in the locus coeruleus, habenula, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens, all structures with strong limbic connectivity implicated in arousal, memory and affective aspects of behaviour. These findings suggest that PDE4 inhibitors produce emesis by increasing NK(1) receptor activation in the AP/NTS and implicate brain regions associated with reward and mood such as the amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, habenula and nucleus accumbens in the anti-depressant activity of such compounds..
Orexin A and B-ir neurons were located in a single population centered on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus extending into the lateral hypothalamic area, consistent with other studies in birds. Orexin-ir projections extended from the paraventricular nucleus rostrally to the preoptic area, laterally towards the medial striatum, nidopallium, and dorsally along the lateral ventricle towards the mesopallium.
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus uniquely projects to the midline thalamic paraventricular nucleus. To characterize this projection, patch clamp techniques applied in acute rat brain slice preparations examined responses of anterior thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons to focal suprachiasmatic nucleus stimulation. Additionally, in thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons, responses to activation of their suprachiasmatic afferents may vary in accordance with their membrane potential-dependent intrinsic properties, a characteristic typical of thalamocortical neurons..
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic nucleus with heavy projections to the nucleus accumbens and other limbic regions.
Increased Fos expression was also observed in the cingulate cortex, posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, periaqueductal gray and ventrolateral medulla.
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) receives afferents from the brainstem and has been thought to relay arousal related information to specific limbic forebrain areas, including the nucleus accumbens.
In drug-naive rats, acutely injected heroin significantly depleted NPFF-immunoreactive material within the neurons of the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), significantly decreased the density of NPFF-immunoreactive nerve fibers within the median eminence, pituitary stalk, and neurohypophysis, and markedly increased NPY-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. In drug-sensitized rats, heroin significantly increased the number and immunostaining intensity of the NPFF-immunoreactive neurons within the NTS and induced minor changes in the NPFF-immunoreactive nerve fiber network of the median eminence, pituitary stalk, and neurohypophysis and a relatively minor increase in NPY neurons in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and bed nucleus of stria terminalis.
A reduction in stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormone secretion (plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone) and immediate early gene expression levels in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the lateral septum and the orbital cortex was observed in repeated restraint as compared with restraint naïve animals.
Brain areas receiving relatively moderate to strong inputs from the BSTam fall into five general categories: neuroendocrine system (regions containing pools of magnocellular oxytocin neurons, and parvicellular corticotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, and dopamine neurons); central autonomic control network (central amygdalar nucleus, descending paraventricular nucleus, and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray); hypothalamic visceromotor pattern generator network (five of six known components); behavior control column (descending paraventricular nucleus and associated arcuate nucleus; ventral tegmental area and associated nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata); and behavioral state control (supramammillary and tuberomammillary nuclei).
They fall into eight general categories: humeral sensory-related (subfornical organ and median preoptic nucleus, involved in initiating drinking behavior and salt appetite), neuroendocrine system (magnocellular: oxytocin, vasopressin; parvicellular: gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone), central autonomic control network (central amygdalar nucleus, BST anterolateral group, descending paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, retrochiasmatic area, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus), hypothalamic visceromotor pattern-generator network (five of six known components), behavior control column (ingestive: descending paraventricular nucleus; reproductive: lateral medial preoptic nucleus; defensive: anterior hypothalamic nucleus; foraging: ventral tegmental area, along with interconnected nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata), orofacial motor control (retrorubral area), thalamocortical feedback loops (paraventricular, central medial, intermediodorsal, and medial mediodorsal nuclei; nucleus reuniens), and behavioral state control (subparaventricular zone, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, lateral habenula, and raphé nuclei).
These regions included the ventrolateral septum, the anteroventral subiculum, several preoptic nuclei, the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the anterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and the medial subdivision of the medial geniculate body.
We saw a very similar experience-dependent pattern of relative Fos protein, c-fos mRNA and zif268 mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
LE controls showed significantly greater basal activation in the remaining structures compared to SD control group, including the anterior dorsal thalamus, basolateral amygdala, SII cortex, and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. In contrast, spinal cord injury (SCI) resulted in strain-specific changes in forebrain activation categorized by structures that showed significant increases in: (1) only LE SCI rats (posterior, ventrolateral, and ventroposterolateral thalamic nuclei); (2) only SD SCI rats (anterior-dorsal and medial thalamus, basolateral amygdala, cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, periaqueductal gray); or (3) both strains (arcuate nucleus, ventroposteromedial thalamus, SI and SII somatosensory cortex).
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic nucleus with projections to limbic forebrain areas such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala.
Congruent distribution patterns of Tac2 mRNA and NKB were found in many nuclei of the thalamus and hypothalamus (habenula, anterodorsal nucleus, preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus).
Other temporal-thalamic projections included those to the medial pulvinar, via the temporopulvinar bundle, from the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, and those to the paraventricular nucleus from the entorhinal cortex.
All three ENaC subunits and MR were present in the supraoptic nucleus, magnocellular paraventricular nucleus, hippocampus, choroid plexus, ependyma, and brain blood vessels, suggesting the presence of multimeric channels and possible regulation by mineralocorticoids.
Loss of alpha7- and beta2- (but not alpha4-) immunoreactive neurons occurred in the paraventricular nucleus (PV) and nucleus reuniens in autism.
The studies revealed that mu-receptor mRNA was expressed in different diencephalic regions including the preoptic area, the bed nuclei stria terminalis, the paraventricular nucleus thalamus, and the anterior hypothalamus, as well as the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVH), ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus.
At 1 h, 6-8 (of 14) brain areas showed elevated c-Fos-ir in response to orexin A in 3- and 6-mo-old rats, but 24-mo-old rats exhibited attenuated or absent c-Fos-ir response in all brain regions except the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNTS).
GPCR135 mRNA is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system, particularly in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
Immunoreactive neurons were placed also periventricularly, close to the walls of the third ventricle, at the level of the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus.
The present study was to investigate whether the activity of the HPA axis in mood disorders might be directly modulated by oestrogens via oestrogen receptors (ORs) in the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the human hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
Autoradiographic studies show the GPCR135 receptor density is most prominent in areas such as the olfactory bulb, sensory cortex, amygdala, thalamus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, inferior and superior colliculus.
Orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamic perifornical region project heavily to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), which is deeply involved in the control of motivated behaviors.
Only the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (tPVN) showed c-Fos expression before feeding than after feeding.
A significant increase of Fos immunoreactive cells were observed in the solitary tract nucleus, locus ceruleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral part of central gray, medial amygdaloid nucleus, central amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part of thalamus, dorsomedial part of thalamus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, lateral habenula, and lateral septum nucleus following SEB challenge. In hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, in addition to the dense Fos expression in the parvocellular portion, some Fos-positive cells were also observed in the anterior magnocellular nucleus of the complex.
To test this hypothesis, we measured plasma corticosterone concentrations and Fos-immunoreactive protein in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and limbic brain areas of female wild-type and OT knockout mice that were exposed to a shaker platform, a predominantly psychogenic stress. Fos expression was also increased after shaker stress in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial and central nuclei of the amygdala, medial preoptic area, and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus of wild-type and OT knockout mice.
The relationship between efferents of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and neurons of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT) projecting to the amygdala was investigated in the rat using tract tracing in light and electron microscopy.
Rats of the HAB type, which showed signs of a hyperanxious phenotype and a hyperreactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis compared with LAB rats, exhibited a higher number of Fos-positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the lateral and anterior hypothalamic area, and the medial preoptic area in response to both OA and OF.
Shocks significantly increased the number of cells showing Fos immunoreactivity (ir) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus (LH), amygdaloid complex (AD) and thalamus (TH), and to a lesser extent, in the hippocampus (HP), caudate putamen (CP) and frontal cortex (FC).
The thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT) is activated by stress and projects to forebrain structures directly implicated in processing stress-related information.
The following review documents the principle extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms responsible for regulating stress-responsive CRH neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which summate excitatory and inhibitory inputs into a net secretory signal at the pituitary gland.
An anxiogenic or a pharmacological stressor, N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142), (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally injected) induced a dense nuclear c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in the pyriform cortex, cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, layers II-VI of the neocortex, lateral habenula, lateral septum, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, striatum, central and medial nucleus of the amygdala, but a sparse c-Fos immunostaining in the hippocampus and layer I of the neocortex in the forebrain of 56-day-old rats.
The paraventricular nucleus could be divided into several subdivisions based on the different cellular parcellation, similar to that described in rodents.
Distinct c-fos expression was observed in the paraventricular nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus.
Central administration of GLP-1 increases plasma corticosterone levels and elicits c-fos expression in corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
In these naive mGlu8 receptor knockouts, c-Fos expression was significantly induced by the EPM in the centrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus, but in naive wild-type mice c-Fos was significantly increased only in the piriform cortex.
In intact rats, c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus remained at control levels or decreased in animals injected two or three times with formalin; in gonadectomized rats, c-Fos expression increased with repetition of the noxious stimulation, reaching the highest levels in animals injected three times with formalin.
The highest concentration of cells co-expressing the protein Fos and CRH mRNA neurons was found in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus, which also expressed CRH heteronuclear RNA and CRH-R1 mRNA.
Brain areas that receive a strong to moderate input from the BSTrh fall into nine general categories: central autonomic control network (central amygdalar nucleus, descending hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, parasubthalamic nucleus and dorsal lateral hypothalamic area, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, lateral parabrachial nucleus and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and salivatory nuclei), gustatory system (rostral nucleus of the solitary tract and medial parabrachial nucleus), neuroendocrine system (periventricular and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, hypothalamic visceromotor pattern generator network), orofaciopharyngeal motor control (rostral tip of the dorsal nucleus ambiguus, parvicellular reticular nucleus, retrorubral area, and lateral mesencephalic reticular nucleus), respiratory control (lateral nucleus of the solitary tract), locomotor or exploratory behavior control and reward prediction (nucleus accumbens, substantia innominata, and ventral tegmental area), ingestive behavior control (descending paraventricular nucleus and dorsal lateral hypothalamic area), thalamocortical feedback loops (medial-midline-intralaminar thalamus), and behavioral state control (dorsal raphé and locus coeruleus).
In the present study, we examined the effects of chronic variable stress (CVS) and novel stress (footshock) on the CRH immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and subdivision of PVN, and the extrahypothalamic bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA).
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) participates in the functional integration of limbic cortical and striatal circuitry.
Conversely, naloxone and THC had an additive effect on Fos immunoreactivity in the central nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (lateral division), the insular cortex, and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
Real-time PCR using the SCN, paraventricular nucleus and cortex confirmed these results.
In contrast, expression of c-Fos was significantly increased following both acute and repeated thermal exposures in subregions of hypothalamus (the median and medial preoptic nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and the posterior hypothalamic area), septum (the ventral and dorsal portions of the lateral septum), midbrain (the periaqueductal gray and the intermediate layers of superior colliculus), as well as in the dentate gyrus and the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus, suggesting specificity of their responses to external temperatures.
However, a decrease in AVP-ir cell numbers was however, detected in one subregion of the paraventricular nucleus.
Parvocellular neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) comprise neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory subpopulations.
In all groups, mast cells were localized within specific dorsal thalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus, anterior nuclear group, or mediodorsal, ventroposterior, or medial geniculate nuclei.
The spreading of SN-10-VG to the cortex and the thalamus was drastically reduced, but the number of infected neurons in hippocampus and hypothalamus, particularly the paraventricular nucleus, was similar to the SN-10 virus.
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] were investigated in intact male Sprague Dawley rats, and in rats bearing quinolinic acid lesions to the medial anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) or anterior region of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT).
We examined the role of the posterior division of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (pPVTh) in habituation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to repeated restraint.
Functional significance of neural projections from the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was investigated using surgical lesion of the central part of the DMN.
In rats, ErbB4 expression was observed in the habenular nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, intermediodorsal nucleus, the central medial thalamic nucleus, the posterior nucleus, the parafascicular nucleus, the subparafascicular nucleus, the suprageniculate nucleus, the posterior limitans nucleus, the medial part of the medial geniculate nucleus, the peripeduncular nucleus, the posterior intralaminar nucleus, the lateral subparafascicular nucleus, the lateral posterior nucleus, and all ventral thalamic nuclei.
A remarkable difference was evidenced in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus where AVP receptor binding was 7- to 10-fold higher in polydipsic mice than in control mice. Another disparity was observed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which contained AVP binding sites in the control mice, but was unlabelled in the polydipsic animals. Ang II receptor binding was reduced in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the polydipsic mice, whereas it was abundant in the brainstem region, encompassing area postrema and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Limbic influences on adrenocortical hormone secretion are mediated by transynaptic activation or inhibition of hypophysiotrophic neurons in the medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
The forebrain activation that resembles this behavioral pattern of change is found in somatosensory cortex, and in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the basolateral amygdala.
Both behavioural tasks promoted an increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus.
A very high level of binding occurred in the meninges, choroid plexus, pineal gland, paraventricular nucleus and pituitary gland.
A different pattern of activation was observed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus with increased corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA immediately after restraint, but not 1 or 3 h later. Stress-induced changes in thalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA expression appears to be regulated differently than that in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and may be influenced by diurnal mechanisms..
The densest projections were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, and lateroanterior hypothalamus.
OX(2)R mRNA was prominent in a complementary distribution including the cerebral cortex, septal nuclei, hippocampus, medial thalamic groups, raphe nuclei, and many hypothalamic nuclei including the tuberomammillary nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and ventral premammillary nucleus.
Following intragastric HCl (0.5 M) challenge, many neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii, lateral parabrachial nucleus, thalamic and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, central amygdala and medial/lateral habenula expressed c-fos mRNA as compared to intragastric treatment with saline (0.15 M).
We found significantly higher specific IMEL binding in the anterior and posterior regions of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVNt) and reuniens nucleus of the thalamus of F344 rats than in the same areas in HSD rats.
A dorsal pathway innervates the thalamic lateral dorsal nucleus (VLG), the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei (VLG and IGL), and the paraventricular nucleus (IGL).
Morphological and functional data indicate that glutamatergic innervation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus plays an important role in the control of this prominent cell group. The retrograde tracer [ 3H]D-aspartate, which is selectively taken up by the terminals of neurons that use glutamate or aspartate as a neurotransmitter, and is retrogradely transported to their perikarya, was injected into the paraventricular nucleus. Labelled neurons were detected in the paraventricular nucleus itself, in several hypothalamic areas including medial and lateral preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, posterior part of arcuate nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus and supramammillary nucleus. Outside the hypothalamus labelled neurons were found in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and in certain telencephalic regions including lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala. All of them are known to project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. We failed to detect labelled neurons in the lower brainstem.From these findings we conclude that firstly, there are glutamatergic/aspartatergic interneurons in the paraventricular nucleus; secondly, all intrahypothalamic and telencephalic, but not lower brainstem afferents to this nucleus contain glutamatergic/aspartatergic fibres; and thirdly, the glutamatergic/aspartatergic innervation of this heterogeneous cell group is extremely complex..
Centrally administered NOC-18 induced c-fos mRNA expression in several regions of the brain involved in the baroreceptor response, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, the area postrema and the rostral ventrolateral medulla, as well as areas involved in the integration of autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural responses, including the medial preoptic area, the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) and the locus coeruleus.
These regions included the arcuate nucleus (Arc), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and the dorsal and median raphe nuclei.
Labeling for D1A receptor mRNA was intense in the medial and lateral striatum, and moderately abundant in the pallial regions termed the archistriatum and the neostriatum, in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus region, and in the superficial gray layer of optic tectum of the midbrain.
Overall, the most abundant CART mRNA expression levels in the human brain were detected within in the hypothalamus (posterior, paraventricular nucleus, premammillary, tuberomamillary, dorsomedial, arcuate) and the thalamus (mediodorsal, pulvinar, anterior, zona incerta, geniculate).
Chief among these were various hypothalamic nuclei, including the medial preoptic nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamus.
One such brain region is the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT).
Phase shifts of wheel-running activity rhythms and gene expression in the SCN, intergeniculate leaflet, and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus were assessed in animals following either of the training conditions or the control procedures.
The retrochiasmatic area, which included the A15 dopaminergic group and the accessory supraoptic nucleus (SON), received major inputs from the lateral septum (LS), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, the perimamillary area, the amygdala, the ventral part of the hippocampus and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN).
Both retrograde [ Fluoro-Gold (FG)] and anterograde [ Phasoleus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biotinylated dextran amines (BDA)] tracers were employed to study the putative connectivity between the thalamus and the medial parvocellular region of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PAmp).
At the light microscope level, rich plexuses of NMDAR1-positive varicose fibers were found in various nuclei in the basal forebrain (bed nucleus of stria terminalis, septum, parastrial nucleus, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis), thalamus (paraventricular nucleus, midline nuclei), and hypothalamus (parvocellular paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, preoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus).
Moderate expression was found in the paraventricular nucleus and the preoptic region.
Single label in situ hybridization for MEL1a receptor mRNA revealed labelled cells in several brain regions of Siberian hamsters, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and the reuniens nucleus of the thalamus.
Many c-fos mRNA labeled cells were noted also in the hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area), thalamus, hippocampus, nucleus caudatum, sensori-motor zone of the brain cortex and the amygdaloid complex.
The neurokinin-1, but not the neurokinin-2, receptor antagonist attenuated the formalin-induced activation of c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
In addition, several forebrain regions considered to be part of the limbic system showed pain-induced changes in rCBF, including the anterior dorsal nucleus of the thalamus (23%), cingulate cortex (18%), retrosplenial cortex (30%), habenular complex (53%), interpeduncular nucleus (45%) and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (30%).
Exposure to chronic stress facilitates activity within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is associated with enhanced neuronal activity in a discreet set of brain regions, including the posterior division of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (pPVTh). Thus, the functional paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus appears to inhibit both temperature rhythms and specific white adipose depots only in chronically stressed animals.
A significant increase in the number of cells displaying Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) was observed during the 0-8 h and 12-24 h postpartum time periods in the accessory olfactory bulbs, medial preoptic area, hypothalamus (specifically, the supraoptic nucleus, ventro-medial hypothalamus, and paraventricular nucleus), lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and primary somatosensory area of the brain.
Other structures showing STAT3-LI were the dorsal root ganglia, the thalamus (the anterodorsal and paraventricular nucleus), the cerebral neocortex (layer 5) and the olfactory bulb.
The IGL has ipsilateral and contralateral projections to the anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, the ventral preoptic, lateral and dorsal hypothalamic areas, but not to the core ventromedial nucleus and very sparsely to the paraventricular nucleus.
With colchicine treatment, the number of labelled neurones increased, and additional galanin-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the lateral septum, the supraoptic, the paraventricular and the periventricular nuclei and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
The extent of c-fos mRNA expression was similar in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), despite stress-related differences in CORT secretion.
There were no differences between groups in specific IMEL binding in the suprachiasmatic and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, pars tuberalis, or paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
Moreover, extensive distribution of leptin receptor-like immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in the choroid plexus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus, especially in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON).
In the medial thalamus, degeneration was frequently seen within the intralaminar nuclei, and somewhat less frequently observed within the paraventricular nucleus, the mediodorsal nucleus, and the gelatinosis nucleus.
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic nucleus that responds strongly to exposure to various stressors.
In the hypothalamus, Ob-Rb-positive cell bodies were abundant in the arcuate nucleus and ventromedial nucleus, with lesser numbers in the dorsomedial nucleus and paraventricular nucleus.
Moderate numbers of these fibers were found in the olfactory bulb, insular, infralimbic and prelimbic cortex, amygdala, ventral, and dorsolateral parts of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus except the lateral magnocellular division, arcuate nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Small numbers of orexin fibers were present in the perirhinal, motor and sensory cortex, hippocampus, and supraoptic nucleus, and a very small number in the lateral magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus. Intracerebroventricular injections of orexins induced c-fos expression in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, locus coeruleus, arcuate nucleus, central gray, raphe nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and paraventricular nucleus except the lateral magnocellular division.
In particular, rTMS evokes strong neural responses in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) and in other regions involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms.
We examined the effects of acute amphetamine and cocaine administration on expression of Fos protein in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT), which provides glutamatergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens and also receives dopaminergic afferents.
Twenty-four hours after the commencement of the experimental tooth movement, the Fos-like immunoreactive neurons appeared in the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PV) of the experimental rats.
Within the hypothalamus, OX1R mRNA is most abundant in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus whereas OX2R is predominantly expressed in the paraventricular nucleus.
CTB- and PACAP-ir neurons were observed in the paraventricular nucleus and the dorsal vagal complex.
At the level of the diencephalon, the NTS projections were seen in the dorsomedial, lateral, paraventricular, periventricular, supraoptic, retrochiasmatic and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, in addition to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
We therefore examined the effects of lesions of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, which projects to the shell of the nucleus accumbens, on cocaine-elicited locomotor sensitization. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus did not alter basal locomotor activity, but significantly enhanced the acute locomotor response to cocaine. These data suggest that the thalamic paraventricular nucleus may be an integral part of extended circuitry that subserves both the conditioned and nonconditioned components of psychostimulant-induced behavioral sensitization..
Specific induction of c-fos mRNA by morphine was seen in dorsomedial caudate-putamen, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, central and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, dorsal central grey, superior colliculus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, inferior olivary complex, and caudal nucleus tractus solitarius.
Neurocircuit inhibition of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activity prominently involves GABAergic cell groups of the hypothalamus and basal forebrain. In contrast, chronic intermittent stress increased GAD65 mRNA in the anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, medial preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior BST, perifornical nucleus, and periparaventricular nucleus region.
The central autonomic areas include the anterior cingulate and insular cortices; amygdala, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic area; periaqueductal gray; parabrachial nucleus; ventrolateral medulla; and nucleus of the solitary tract. The paraventricular nucleus (PVT) projects to the medial prefrontal cortex, and receives multimodal visceral and somatosensory inputs.
The results showed that FOSir was induced in several nuclei including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce), periaqueductal gray area (PAG), dentate gyrus in the hippocampus (Dg), paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVA), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), periventricular nucleus (Pe), caudate putamen (CPU) and the ependymal lining of the ventricles.
Previous studies indicated that IL-1 induces neurophysiological, neurochemical and neuroendocrine changes within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
At E17 strong NOS-LI was observed in the developing neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, anterodorsal nucleus and lateral hypothalamic areas.
We studied the effect of angiotensin (ANG) peptides and their C- and N-terminal fragments, microinjected bilaterally into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of male Wistar rats, on arginine vasopressin (AVP) release into the blood and drinking.
Previous experiments have shown that conditioning in aversive situations is associated with specific changes in excitability of hippocampal-septal synaptic transmission and that these changes might be related to a modulation of this synaptic transmission by afferents originating from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus.
The prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens are primary recipients of medial thalamic inputs, prominently including projections from the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. These data suggest that the thalamic paraventricular nucleus may coordinately influence activity in the prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum..
Included in these Fos-LI positive regions were many cortical regions, septum, accumbens, claustrum, amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and hypothalamus, hippocampus, locus coeruleus, and central gray.
The paraventricular nucleus is densely innervated by adrenergic axons throughout, while the densest innervation of the parafascicular nucleus is located in its medial part and the strongest mediodorsal nuclear immunolabelling is found in its most posterior and medial region.
Within 1-24 h following the intraperitoneal administration of 10 microg/kg of [ 3H]1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, [ 3H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine labelling was found within such regions as the locus coeruleus, dorsal, medial, and pallidal raphe nuclei, substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition, [ 3H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium labelling was detected in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, which also contained vesicular monoamine transporter immunoreactive nerve terminals.
The posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus receives projections from the parabrachial nucleus and projects heavily to the differentially stained subnuclei of the amygdala, which in turn project to the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. We confirmed part of this proposal by showing that lesions of the posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus increase adrenocorticotropin responses to restraint only in previously chronically stressed animals.
Clustering of intensely positive neurons was observed in discrete areas including the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, the islands of Calleja, the amygdala, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, several hypothalamic nuclei, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure, the superior and inferior colliculi, the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, the nucleus of the trapezoid body, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the cerebellum.
To determine the locus of this effect, we compared the ability of 8-br-cAMP (1-100 nmol/0.3 microl) to elicit eating after microinjection into the PFH, LH, or the following bracketing areas: the anterior and posterior LH, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, thalamus, and amygdala.
Doses of 2,5-AM that reliably stimulated food intake induced Fos-li in both the hindbrain and forebrain, including in the NTS, AP, lateral PBN, central lateral nucleus of the amygdala, dorsal lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTdl), anterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, supraoptic nucleus, subfornical organ, and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei.
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved in the stress-regulating circuit by funnelling limbic information to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Since adrenalectomy influences both limbic structures (by inducing cell death in the hippocampus) and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (by increased corticotrophin-releasing hormone synthesis), we investigated whether the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is also influenced by adrenalectomy. For this purpose, we analysed and compared the projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in normal and adrenalectomized rats by anterograde tracer injections in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Quantitative analysis of the fibre pattern in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of normal rats revealed a homogeneous distribution of fibres of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis over the different subdivisions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. In adrenalectomized rats, the absolute fibre density was significantly lower in the whole hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (1.17 +/- 0.27 10(-3) microm/microm3 in adrenalectomized rats versus 2.59 +/- 0.24 10(-3) microm/microm3 in normal rats; P < 0.01) and all its subdivisions. The largest decrease of fibre density was found in the corticotrophin-releasing hormone-rich part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (relative fibre density; adrenalectomized rats: 0.602 +/- 0.106, versus 1.095 +/- 0.019 in normal rats, P < 0.01). These results show a loss of input from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and particularly to the corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurons, following adrenalectomy.
In the brain regions studied the relative concentrations of ir-ACTH and ir-beta E were the highest in the mediobasal hypothalamus and in the paraventricular nucleus.
In the hypothalamus, strongly LR-IR neurons were present in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), periventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and lateral hypothalamus.
This study determined the effect of age on the efficacy of melatonin treatment to phase shift circadian activity rhythms and on melatonin receptor expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVNT) of C3H/HeN mice.
Neuropeptide Y receptor density was assessed by autoradiography in the paraventricular nucleus, olfactory cortex, dentate gyrus, and thalamus. Neuropeptide Y receptor numbers were significantly increased in the paraventricular nucleus of rats receiving TPN compared to the groups receiving intravenous saline or enteral nutrition.
The shared variance of the quantitative damage within the claustrum, the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus, (central) mediodorsal thalamus, and lateral amygdala (ventromedial part) explained 81% of the variance in the nociceptive (flinch) thresholds.
Results showed that, while oestrus induction had no significant effects on c-fos expression per se, a 5-min exposure to a male significantly increased it in a number of primary and association cortical regions (the mitral and granule cell layers of the olfactory bulb, visual, somatosensory, orbitofrontal, piriform, cingulate and temporal cortices), the limbic system (CA1 region of the hippocampus, subiculum, lateral septum, lateral and basolateral amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis) and hypothalamus (mediobasal hypothalamus, medial preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus) as well as the nucleus accumbens and mediodorsal thalamus.
On the basis of these results, putative circuits from the medial geniculate nuclei to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus involved in activation of the HPA axis by audiogenic stress are discussed..
The majority of projections from the AVPV pass caudally through the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus and form dense terminal fields in the periventricular nuclei, parvicellular parts of the paraventricular nucleus, and in the arcuate nucleus.
A high density of binding sites was seen in the cerebral cortex, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, amygdaloid complex, suprachiasmatic nucleus, medial thalamus and medial geniculate nucleus.
Vasopressin content was significantly reduced in brain areas connected by vasopressinergic fibres originating in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: namely central gray, subcommissural organ, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, dorsal raphe nucleus, and locus coerules.
Fos immunoreactivity was induced by one and five tail pinches in several brain regions, including the anterior medial preoptic area (mPOA), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PV-Thal), medial amygdala (MEA), basolateral amygdala (BLA), lateral habenula (LHab), and ventral tegmental area (VTA), of young rats compared with those that received zero tail pinches.
Within the forebrain, neurons containing Fos-like immunoreactivity after ARN stimulation were primarily found along the outer edge of the rostral organum vasculosum of the laminae terminalis, in the medial regions of the subfornical organ, in the median preoptic nucleus, in the ventral subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, along the lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, throughout the deeper layers of the dysgranular insular cortex, in the parvocellular component of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), and in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
These include the extended amygdala (including the central nucleus of amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminals and nucleus accumbens), regions processing sensory information (including the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus) and in stress-related areas (including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, nucleus of the solitary tract and several neocortical areas).
Vasopressin receptors were uncovered in various regions of the brain including the basal nucleus of Meynert, the substantia innominata, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, the substantia nigra pars compacta and the hypoglossal nucleus.
However, in typically non-5HT1A receptor-containing brain areas Fos-ir is increased due to flesinoxan treatment, as in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the dorsolateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTdl) and the central amygdala (CeA).
At the cellular level, neurotensin receptor immunoreactivity was predominantly associated with perikarya and dendrites in some regions (e.g., in the basal forebrain, ventral midbrain, pons and rostral medulla) and with axons and axon terminals in others (e.g., in the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, neostriatum, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and nucleus of the solitary tract).
One day after ADX, the GR-immunoreactivity significantly decreased or disappeared in most forebrain structures, while relatively strong GR-immunoreactivity was still found within the hypothalamus especially in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
The area dorsal to the medial part of the sexually dimorphic area, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the ventral premammillary nucleus and the retrorubral field showed the same level of c-Fos expression when males were exposed to the non-sexual context as when they were exposed to the sexual one.
FS mRNA is also expressed in areas associated with the activin-oxytocin pathway (solitary tract nucleus and paraventricular nucleus) and is therefore in a position to modulate the role of activin in the solitary tract nucleus-paraventricular nucleus pathway (afferent system mediating the milk-ejection reflex).
Fos-IR was induced in only a few locations, the most prominent sites being the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central nucleus of the amygdala, and the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Lower levels of regulated endocrine-specific protein-18 messenger RNA were found in the parvocellular divisions of the paraventricular nucleus as well as in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, median preoptic nucleus, medial preoptic nucleus, medial and lateral preoptic areas, subfornical organ, suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, zona incerta, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus and tuber cinereum.
Dexfenfluramine induced a general neuronal activation as indicated by the strong signal of c-fos mRNA in several structures of the brain, including the parietal cortex, caudate putamen, circumventricular organs, medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, choroid plexus, choroidal fissure, supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, locus coeruleus, and several subdivisions of the dorsal vagal complex.
Finally, a few double labeled cells were detected in the midline thalamus, and especially in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus.
The areas examined include the principal circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and areas that receive important SCN input including the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), subparaventricular zone (SPVZ), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT).
Subsequently, a distinct group of AVP immunoreactive cells was present in the forming supraoptic nucleus on day 1 of postnatal life (1 PN) and at 3 PN in the paraventricular nucleus.
IL-1beta also increases food intake and decreases pain sensation thresholds in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Therefore IL-1beta has very selective anatomical sites of action in the brain, and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus appears to have special properties regarding the effects of IL-1beta on food intake and pain sensation regulation..
Transsection of the optic nerves, disrupting the retinohypothalamic pathway, lesion of the SCN, or lesion of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) abolish the regulation of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity by light.
Systemic administration of DL-fenfluramine (20 mg kg-1), an indirect serotonergic agonist, induced widespread FOS-like protein in the rat caudate putamen (CPu), paraventricular nucleus (PVn) of the hypothalamus and several intralaminar thalamic nuclei.
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) receives input from all major components of the circadian timing system, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the intergeniculate leaflet and the retina.
This initial expression of angiotensinogen at embryonic day 18 was followed at postnatal day 20 by a rapid progression of angiotensinogen staining appearing in astrocytes in the paraventricular nucleus, medial preoptic area, ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei; these areas showed the highest astrocyte staining intensity in the brain.
We have recently reported that hypothyroidism increases immunoreactive (IR)-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and VIP mRNA content in both parvocellular and magnocellular neurons of the rat, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
These structures included the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior claustrum, central nucleus of the amygdala, dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus, and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
We now report that clozapine administration markedly increases both the number of cells expressing Fos protein-like immunoreactivity and the amount of Fos protein in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, but not the contiguous mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Comparable doses of several dopamine D2-like antagonists, including raclopride, sulpiride, remoxipride and haloperidol, did not induce Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus. However, loxapine and very high doses of haloperidol resulted in a small but significant increase in paraventricular nucleus Fos expression. The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 did not induce Fos in the paraventricular nucleus or alter the magnitude of the clozapine-elicited increase in Fos expression. The serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine2a/2c antagonist ritanserin, alone or in combination with sulpiride, did not increase Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus. Similarly, the 5-hydroxytryptamine2:D2 antagonist risperidone did not change the amount of Fos protein in the paraventricular nucleus. The key placement of the paraventricular nucleus as an interface between the reticular formation and forebrain dopamine systems suggests that this thalamic nucleus may be an important part of an extended neural network subserving certain actions of antipsychotic drugs..
The quantification of NPY in the paraventricular nucleus revealed a decrease at night in long-day animals and a small nocturnal augmentation in short-day hamsters.
Fos positive neurons were demonstrated in areas 23 and 24, the anterior limbic area, insular cortex, midline and paraventricular nuclei in the thalamus, paraventricular nucleus and other areas in the hypothalamus, and in many nuclei in the brainstem in both the formalin-injected group and the control group (anesthesia only).
Labeled cells were detected in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, lateral septal nucleus, and medial amygdaloid nucleus.
Forebrain: lateral septum, lateral part of the anterior commissure, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; hypothalamus: floor of the anterior part of the hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus and adjacent perifornical area; thalamus: nucleus reuniens, an area internal to the mamillo-thalamic tract, and medial geniculate body; other areas: amygdala, lateral hippocampus, and central gray.
The studies presented demonstrate changes in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical secretion, and in electrical activity and synaptic responses of neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats exposed to early, long-term social isolation. Isolated animals also exhibited a selective decrease in the spontaneous electrical activity of neurons within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and lateral preoptic area, but not in adjacent structures. Thus, a reduction in excitatory responses, and an increase in inhibition and nonresponsiveness, of preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus neurons was recorded, compared with control rats. This may result from altered limbic activity, specifically in the amygdala and its pathways to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
The expression of Fos-related protein, encoded by the proto-oncogene c-fos, was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamic midline (PV) during nighttime and daytime in rats entrained to a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle.
In the hypothalamus overlapping and unique distributions of the two transcripts were seen in the paraventricular nucleus with SPC3 mRNA predominantly expressed in lateral magnocellular cells.
The correlation coefficient of the dose-response relationship was high, and significant only in the medial part of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in the medulla and periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the midbrain, whereas it was comparatively high but insignificant in the commissure and lateral parts of the NTS, caudal and rostral ventrolateral medulla, periambiguus nucleus, dorsal and ventral medullary reticular nuclei, lateral parabrachial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus thalamus, and dorsomedial nucleus hypothalamus.
Densitometric analysis of film autoradiographs (28-day exposure for all ligands) revealed that radiolabeled IGFs, especially IGF-I, were significantly more abundant throughout the forebrain than [ 125I]insulin, especially in the paraventricular nucleus, where [ 125I]IGF-I was 10-fold and [ 125I]IGF-II was 5-fold more abundant than [ 125I]insulin. Microscopic evaluation of nuclear emulsion-coated brain sections revealed that radioactivity associated with [ 125I]IGF-I and -II perfusions was selectively concentrated in capillaries and medium-sized parenchymal cells in the paraventricular nucleus and, to a lesser extent, the supraoptic nucleus and anterior nucleus of the thalamus, whereas in other brain regions the radioligands were mostly bound to capillaries.
Unlike the MC3-R, MC4-R mRNA is found in both parvicellular and magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, suggesting a role in the central control of pituitary function.
By F16, GR gene expression was evident in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) as well.
To see if these changes occur before or after the birth of pups, and whether they are related to changes in paternal behavior, we tested paternal responsiveness and measured AVP-ir fiber density in the lateral septum, lateral habenular nucleus, medial preoptic area, and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus of sexually naive males and females (0P) and breeding pairs that were sacrificed shortly after mating (3P); during early (13P); or late gestation (21P); or after the birth of pups (6PP). AVP-ir fiber density did not change in the medial preoptic area and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
Compared to controls, males exposed to a pup showed an increase in Fos expression in the MeA, as well as in several areas with connections to it: the accessory olfactory bulb, lateral septum, medial preoptic area, medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus reuniens and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. There was no increase in Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus or piriform cortex. The same pattern of Fos expression was found in female voles, with the exception of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, where there was an increase in the pup-exposed group that was not statistically significant (P = 0.11).
The potential role of the BNST in tonic neural control of HPA function was assessed by examining effects of selective BNST lesions on expression of ACTH secretagogues in HPA-integrative neurons of the medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus.
Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers were abundant in the hypothalamic area ventral to the paraventricular nucleus, in the intergeniculate leaflet, in some thalamic nuclei, and in the superior colliculus.
trkA mRNA was also detected in many other regions of the brain, including the nucleus basalis of Meynert, substantia innominata, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, interpeduncular nucleus, prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, vestibular nuclei, raphe obscuris, cochlear nucleus, sensory trigeminal nuclei, and gigantocellular as well as perigigantocellular neurons in the medullary reticular formation.
FOS activation also occurred in several diencephalic nuclei, including the supraoptic, paraventricular, and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
In contrast, microinjection of interferon-alpha into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) had no effect on splenic nerve activity, although an injection of glutamate increased the nerve activity.
Copulation with intromission and ejaculation in hormone-treated rats, or stimulation of the vaginal cervix in both hormone-treated and control rats, produced a dramatic induction of c-fos mRNA and Fos-like immunoreactivity in estrogen-concentrating regions, such as the lateral septum, medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, lateral habenula, and medial amygdala, in addition to regions that do not readily concentrate estrogen, such as the neocortex, thalamus, and striatum.
This hypothalamic "grooming area" consists of parts of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and of the dorsal hypothalamic area. Other brain areas, like the septum, the medial amygdaloid nucleus, the central gray and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus were found to receive efferent projections from the hypothalamic "grooming area" and hypothalamic loci outside this area, as well as from the oxytocinergic system.
The highest levels of binding were seen in regions, such as the locus coeruleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
The PrPSc pattern with the Me7H isolate was particularly interesting because it appeared to be confined to the hypothalamus and related structures--including the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and periaqueductal grey.
In a previous study we showed that the brain sites involved in the food intake and locomotion decreases were mostly the paraventricular nucleus, the perifornical area and the preoptic area above the optic chiasma. The results show that the sensitive sites are the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, the preoptic area and the centromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and not the paraventricular nucleus and adjacent perifornical area.
Thus, major terminal fields of SCN-derived VP were detected in the medial preoptic nucleus, the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVA), the medial parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the medial part of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH).
For both species, the densities of AVP-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) fibers in the lateral septum, lateral habenular nucleus, medial preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus were compared in males and females that were sexually inexperienced or had become parents 6 days before sacrifice.
The distribution of subicular fibers and terminals was examined in relation to BST neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
In the paraventricular nucleus, median preoptic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus there were high levels of predominantly AT1 receptors.
VP neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus have been shown to coexpress other transmitters including galanin (GAL).
Alpha-2A mRNA labeling was most pronounced in neurons in layer six of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, reticular thalamic nucleus, pontine nuclei, locus coeruleus, vestibular nuclei, trapezoid nuclei, deep cerebellar nuclei, nucleus tractus solitarii, ventrolateral medullary reticular formation, and the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord.
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