Nicotine stimulated increases in c-fos mRNA in the hippocampus, hyperstriatum accessorium, hyperstriatum ventrale, nucleus accumbens, bulbus olfactorius, paleostriatum augmentatum, and stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale. Acute chlorisondamine increased the level of c-fos mRNA in the cerebellum, hippocampus, hyperstriatum accessorium, locus parolfactorius, nucleus accumbens, tectum opticum, paleostriatum augmentatum, and stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale but had no effect on its own 24 hr after administration. 
For example, the lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum were acknowledged to make up the dorsal subdivision of the striatal part of the basal ganglia and were renamed as the medial and lateral striatum.
The basal part of the avian telencephalon can be divided into the paleostriatum augmentatum, paleostriatum primitivum and lobus parolfactorius (LPO).
Exclusive striatonigral afferents arise from the paleostriatum augmentatum and paleostriatum primitivum.
The highest densities of immunoreactive fibers were detected in the lobus parolfactorius, paleostriatum augmentatum and substantia nigra/area ventralis of Tsai.
A significant projection entered the paleostriatum augmentatum, especially the ventral part.
Forebrain areas devoid of immunoreactivity were the basal nucleus, ectostriatum, rostral archistriatum, most of the paleostriatum augmentatum and the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
By comparing our results of Metenkephalin immunoreactivity (Menkir) with the referred analogous ones of Substance P (SP) quoted in literature, we confirmed the strikingly similar labelling at the levels of the Lobus paraolfactorius (LPO) and paleostriatum augmentatum (PA), in contrast with the very low immunoreactivity at the Paleostriatum primitivum (PP) levels.
Despite these similarities, the budgerigar dorsal striatopallidum (lobus parolfactorius, paleostriatum augmentatum, and paleostriatum primitivum) and somatomotor (anterior) archistriatum exhibit unique patterns of ELI.
In particular, DARPP-32 was highly abundant in the avian basal ganglia, where a high percentage of neurons were labelled in the "striatal" parts (paleostriatum augmentatum, lobus parolfactorius), while only neuropil staining was observed in the "pallidal" portions (paleostriatum primitivum).
Both, DARPP-32 positive neurons as well as D1 receptors were highly enriched in the striatal part of the basal ganglia including the lobus parolfactorius (LPO) and paleostriatum augmentatum.
In the present study, we used immunohistochemical labeling with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine (DA) to study the dopaminergic input to the striatal portion of the basal ganglia in pigeons (i.e., lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum).
Between days 0 and 2 the D2-receptor density increased significantly in the lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum while for D1-receptor density no significant changes were detectable.
High levels of specific binding of the D1 and D2 ligands were found in the striatal regions (paleostriatum augmentatum and lobus parolfactorius) of the one-day-old chick, as reported previously in the pigeon, turtle and rat, whilst binding levels were considerably lower in the pallidum (paleostriatum primitivum), hippocampus and hyperstriatum ventrale. The proportions of D1 and D2 receptor binding in the chick were relatively similar in the striatum and pallidum, apart from the paleostriatum augmentatum, where D2 receptors outnumber those of D1 by a factor of two.
High densities of binding sites were detected in the lobus parolfactorius, olfactory tubercle, and paleostriatum augmentatum.
DA- and TH-like fibers reached their highest density in the paleostriatum augmentatum and the lobus parolfactorius of the basal ganglia.
Birds have well-developed basal ganglia within the telencephalon, including a striatum consisting of the medially located lobus parolfactorius (LPO) and the laterally located paleostriatum augmentatum (PA).
Somata positive for VIP were not seen throughout cortical regions such as the neostriatum and hyperstriatum but were abundant in the lateral striatum (paleostriatum augmentatum, PA) and may contribute to a dense field of terminal labeling seen in the globus pallidus.
Strongly stained neurones were concentrated in the paleostriatum augmentatum, lobus parolfactorius, ventral pallidum, olfactory tubercle, parts of the neostriatum, mesencephalic reticular formation and locus coeruleus.
Specific labeling densities were associated with avian equivalents of the mammalian pyramidal system (hyperstriatum accessorium; archistriatum intermedium and tractus occipitomesencephalicus) and extrapyramidal system (paleostriatum augmentatum, paleostriatum primitivum and lobus parolfactorius), as well as several limbic structures (hippocampal formation, nucleus taeniae and the caudal part of the archistriatum).
In both the chicken and the pigeon telencephalon, the highest concentration of PPE mRNA-containing cells was observed in the lobus parolfactorius, paleostriatum augmentatum, nucleus accumbens, and septum.
The dorsal zone of Nf projects to the sensorimotor part of archistriatum, to the paleostriatum augmentatum (PA) and to the lateral lobus parolfactorius.
Intensely stained neurons and fibers were found in most parts of the telencephalon, in particular in the neostriatum, paleostriatum augmentatum, olfactory tubercle, lobus parolfactorius, hyperstriatum accessorium, and hyperstriatum ventrale.
However, significant increases were observed in delta binding in the paleostriatum augmentatum of the right hemisphere (16%) and the lobus parolfactorius of both hemispheres (left, 20%; right, 21%).
In the telencephalon, the nuclei basalis, accumbens, ectostriatum, paleostriatum primitivum, and the ventral paleostriatum are particularly rich in GFAP-positive cells, whereas the neostriatum, hyperstriatum, and paleostriatum augmentatum are almost devoid of GFAP labelling.
It was found that the DA-like fibers were distributed within the paleostriatum augmentatum and the dorsal Archistriatum in a dense meshwork of fibers, while most of the remaining part of the caudal forebrain was innervated by dopaminergic axons which were coiled up like baskets around unlabelled neurons.
No training-related changes were detected in a third forebrain region, the paleostriatum augmentatum.
Three forebrain areas in the young chick-the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), the lobus parolfactorius (LPO), and the paleostriatum augmentatum--have been identified as important structures in mediating learning and memory processes.
Very low to background levels of VIP binding were detected in the ectostriatum, paleostriatum primitivum, paleostriatum augmentatum, lobus parolfactorius, nucleus accumbens, most of the brainstem, and the cerebellum.
Castration also elevated [ 3H] muscimol binding in the hyperstriatum ventrale and reduced binding levels in the paleostriatum augmentatum and the stratum griscum centrale area; all of these areas are known to be devoid of gonadal steroid receptors.
In all three species, portions of the basal ganglia, such as the parolfactory lobe and the paleostriatum augmentatum, exhibited the highest density of binding.
Ectostriatum and paleostriatum augmentatum displayed lower densities of specific binding.
The density of ChAT-IR fiber networks was much higher in LPO, paleostriatum augmentatum and in a shelf region around nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA) than in neostriatal and hyperstriatal parts of the telencephalon.
Three distinct nuclei of the chick forebrain--the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), lobus parolfactorius (LPO), and paleostriatum augmentatum (PA)--show metabolic, morphological, and neurophysiological changes following training on a passive avoidance task, suggesting that these and other areas of the chick forebrain participate in memory formation for this task.
In older embryos, as in the adult brain, insulin binding was high in the paleostriatum augmentatum and molecular layer of the cerebellum, while IGF-I binding was prominent in the hippocampus and neostriatum.
The highest densities of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the pigeon brain were localized in the paleostriatum augmentatum and the lobus parolfactorius, areas homologous to the mammalian corpus striatum.
The highest densities of both D1 and D2 receptors were concentrated in the paleostriatum augmentatum, lobus paraolfactorius and olfactory tubercle.
Thus, for example, dopamine and muscarinic receptors, but not serotonin-1A, are enriched in the paleostriatum augmentatum while GABA/benzodiazepine receptors are enriched in the paleostriatum primitivum corresponding with their localization to the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus respectively.
A study of was carried out of Golgi impregnated material in two regions of the paleostriatal complex of the chick telencephalon, the lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum. Based upon the nature of the axon (bifurcating or nonbifurcating, ascending or descending) and of the dendrites (spiny or aspinous, and thickness), the following subclasses (types) were identified: two projection and three local circuit neurons in the lobus parolfactorius and two projection and two local circuit neurons in the paleostriatum augmentatum.
The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic elements in 3 forebrain regions (medial mid-telencephalic hyperstriatum ventrale; paleostriatum augmentatum; lobus parolfactorius) of two-day-old domestic chicks was investigated using (1) light and electron microscope autoradiography following [ 3H]GABA uptake in vitro in combination with pre-embedding GABA immunocytochemistry and (2) Golgi impregnation and 'gold-toning' combined with postembedding GABA immunocytochemistry.
A morphometric study was made of synapses in both left and right hemispheres of two regions of the chick paleostriatal complex, the paleostriatum augmentatum (PA) and the lobus parolfactorius (LPO), 24 h after passive avoidance training (methyl anthranilate, M-chicks), and in water-trained controls (W-chicks).
Measurements were made on three forebrain regions known to show metabolic and morphological change consequent on training--the lobus parolfactorius (LPO), paleostriatum augmentatum (PA), and medial hyperstriatum ventrale (MHV)--in the right and left hemispheres 2 and 24 h after training chicks on a passive avoidance task, in which they learn to avoid pecking a bead coated with methylanthranilate [ methylanthranilate-trained (M-trained)].
The undifferentiated spontaneous multi-unit activity recorded bilaterally from anaesthetized chicks 1-13 h after training on the above task exhibited a significant increase in the methylanthranilate-trained over water-control chicks within three structures of the right hemisphere: the hyperstriatum accessorium (47%, P less than 0.05), the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (49.1%, P less than 0.02) and the medial portion of the paleostriatum augmentatum (47.5%, P less than 0.02). The statistically significant increase in activity within the right hyperstriatum accessorium and medial paleostriatum augmentatum and the non-significant increase in these structures in the left hemisphere was produced almost entirely by tonic spiking.
The ventral layer of the intermediate neostriatum frontale has a distinct projection upon the paleostriatum augmentatum.
Dense arborizations of TH positive fibers and varicosities were located in the septal nuclei and the paleostriatum augmentatum..
Lower levels of binding sites were observed within the striatal complex including the laterally situated paleostriatum augmentatum and medially situated lobus parolfactorius.
Within the paleostriatal complex the paleostriatum augmentatum (PA) receives a very heavy projection from the TPc.
Within the telencephalon, the following neural structures receive input from neurons in the LoC and subcoeruleus cell groups: the paleostriatal complex including the paleostriatum augmentatum and lobus parolfactorius, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, hippocampus and parahippocampal area, nucleus taeniae, dorsal archistriatum, lateral neostriatum, hyperstriatum dorsale, hyperstriatum ventrale, and preoptic area.
Evoked potentials of telencephalic structures were studied after stimulation of the bill, quintofrontal tract (QF), and several telencephalic structures (nucleus basalis [ Bas], neostriatum frontale [ NF], paleostriatum augmentatum [ PA], and neostriatum caudale [ NC]).
This region is clearly separable from paleostriatum augmentatum, lobus parolfactorius, posterior archistriatum, posteromedial corticoid and septum, all of which also show strong catecholamine fluorescence.
Labelled cells were found (i) ipsilaterally in the visual Wulst, neostriatum pars intermedia and caudalis, the posterior part of the hyperstriatum ventrale, the dorsal part of the archistriatum, paleostriatum augmentatum, dorsomedial part of the thalamus, and (ii) bilaterally in the hippocampus, area septalis, ventromedial part of the thalamus and the stratum album centrale of the tectum opticum. Labelling was seen ipsilaterally over the dorsolateral part of the hemispherium telencephali, the paleostriatum augmentatum and the posterior and dorsal parts of the archistriatum. Double labelling with nuclear yellow and fast blue revealed (i) neurons in the IMHV which project to both the paleostriatum augmentatum and the archistriatum, and (ii) neurons in the hippocampus which project bilaterally to the IMHV..
Numerous small enkephalinergic neurons were observed in both lobus parolfactorius (LPO) and the paleostriatum augmentatum (PA), the two components of the small-celled portion of the paleostriatal complex.
Within the telencephalon, somatostatin perikarya are present in the anterior olfactory nucleus, in the medial, dorsomedial and dorsal cortex, in the pallial thickening, in the piriform cortex, paleostriatum augmentatum, in the dorsoventricular ridge, core nucleus of the dorsoventricular ridge, in area c and d, and in the amygdala. In the telencephalon, dense aggregations of somatostatin fibres are present in the anterior olfactory nucleus, in the pallial thickening, in the parahippocampal gyrus, cortex medialis, dorsomedialis, dorsalis and piriformis, in the dorsal ventricular ridge, paleostriatum augmentatum, area c and d, in the septum, nu.
The concentrations of adrenaline, dopamine and noradrenaline were measured in 3 regions of the domestic chick telencephalon: (a) the Wulst; (b) a medial forebrain sample comprising mainly the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV); and (c) a basal forebrain sample comprising mainly paleostriatum augmentatum.
In the telencephalon numerous DA axons were identified in the paleostriatum augmentatum and in the lobus paraolfactorius.
The paleostriatum augmentatum was the major site of interest for four experiments in which pigeons were given bilateral electrolytic lesions.
The majority of the somatic responses were localised in the paleostriatum augmentatum, the neostriatum and the neostriatum caudale. Stimulation of the bill and the head elicited responses in tractus quinto-frontalis, paleostriatum augmentatum, neostriatum and neostriatum caudale while activation from the body were mainly localised in neostriatum caudale and paleostriatum augmentatum.
Pigeons with bilateral neurotoxic or electrolytic lesions within ventral mesencephalon, in nucleus tegmenti pedunculo pontinus (TP) (equivalent to substantia nigra) or area ventralis of Tsai (AVT), were found to have catecholamine (CA) depletion in the telencephalon, including the paleostriatum augmentatum (PA) and lobus parolfactorius (LPO), avian basal ganglia rich in CA.
In young chicks the effects of two different doses of apomorphine, a small dose, producing behavioural and electrocortical sleep and a larger one producing arousal, on GABA content, GAD and GABA-T activities in the paleostriatum augmentatum were studied. The results of the present experiments are in favour of an interaction between dopaminergic and GABAergic mechanisms in the avian paleostriatum augmentatum..
This region is clearly separated from paleostriatum augmentatum and archistriatum which also have a strong dopaminergic innervation.
However, notable exceptions pertaining to the paleostriatum augmentatum, hyperstriatum intercalatus and field "L" were observed.
Area X, LPO, and paleostriatum augmentatum (PA) all contain a dense network of catacholamine-containing axons and nerve terminals, as determined in histofluorescence studies.
Bilateral electrolytic lesions placed in the dopamine and acetylcholinesterase-rich brain region (paleostriatum augmentatum) did not attenuate the responses to i.m. These results suggest that medial aspects of paleostriatum augmentatum in the pigeon do not contribute to hypothermia induced by dopaminergic and cholinergic stimulation of the brain.
Using amino acid autoradiography, two efferent projections of field L and adjacent neostriatum were observed: (1) a projection to the medial and ventral borders of nucleus hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale (HVc) and (2) a smaller projection to medial paleostriatum augmentatum (PA).
The effects of a single intraventricular or intra-aquaductal infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on monoamine fluorescence in the paleostriatum augmentatum, diencephalon and mesencephalon were studied. Present experiments have enable us to better characterize the distribution of catecholaminegic axons in the paleostriatum augmentatum, preoptic area, hypothalamus, median eminence, periventricular areas as well as of cell-bodies and axons exbiting green fluorescence in the n.
The effects of a single intraventricular or intra-aquaductal infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on monoamine fluorescence in the paleostriatum augmentatum, diencephalon and mesencephalon were studied. Present experiments have enable us to better characterize the distribution of catecholaminegic axons in the paleostriatum augmentatum, preoptic area, hypothalamus, median eminence, periventricular areas as well as of cell-bodies and axons exbiting green fluorescence in the n.
The brains of the swift Streptoprocne zonaris, the flycatcher Tyrannus melancholicus, the tanager Ramphocelus dimidiatus and the finch Oryzoborus angolensis were compared with respect to the hyperstriatum accessorium, hyperstriatum dorsale, hyperstriatum ventrale, neostriatum, ectostriatum, paleostriatum augmentatum and paleostriatum primitivum.
tuberalis and paleostriatum augmentatum.
The paleostriatum augmentatum (PA), a cell field comparable to mammalian caudate nucleus and putamen, was found to receive projections from a distinct population of elencephalic neurons in the temporal-parietal-occipital (TPO) and lateral cortical (CDL) areas of the neostriatum.
Similar effects were also obtained in adult fowls after injection of cholera toxin into the third cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or the paleostriatum augmentatum.
Other areas containing hormone-concentrating cells are the medial preoptic area, nucleus periventricularis magnocellularis of the hypothalamus, dorsal infundibular layers, dorsomedial thalamus, lateral septum, magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum, periventricular medial neostriatum, nucleus taeniae of the archistriatum, and ventral paleostriatum augmentatum.
The hyperstriatum, the neostriatum, and paleostriatum augmentatum and the paleostriatum primitivum constitute the central region.
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