We found that, in mdx mice, dystrophin is expressed in the amygdala, and that, in the basolateral nucleus (BLA), the numbers of GABA(A) receptor alpha2 subunit clusters are reduced. 
Next, we evaluate the feasibility of using different lines of thy1::Clomeleon transgenic mice to image synaptic inhibition in several different brain regions: the hippocampus, the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, and the superior colliculus (SC).
Moreover, this effect was dependent upon dopamine antagonism within the basolateral nucleus but not the central nucleus of the amygdala.
The acute pain and allodynia increased Fos-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), basolateral nucleus (BL) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce), indicating that these areas are involved in pain processing.
Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced levels of pCREB in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), frontal cortex (FC), CA3 subregion of the hippocampus (CA3) and basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) in NCAM-/- mice.
Selective lesion studies in rodents suggest that the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, which is a critical subnucleus within the amygdala, plays a critical role in appetitive instrumental behaviors.
In the present study, we investigated the effect of direct infusion of MPD into the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) or the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) on conditioned fear memory.
The present study was performed to investigate the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor in nociception in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) of rats.
It is known that beta-adrenoceptor (AR) in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) plays an essential role in fear memory formation.
Immunohistological assays identified projections of ghrelinergic neurons to the basolateral nucleus (ABL) of the amygdala (AMY).
Bilateral synchronous spike and wave complexes appeared almost 2 hours after kainic acid injection, and the waveforms continued for about 5-7 hours in the bilateral MDs, ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex, and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.
Reward-seeking behavior is controlled by neuronal circuits that include the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area.
Our previous studies on the insular cortex (IC), a region of the temporal cortex implicated in the acquisition and storage of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), have demonstrated that intracortical microinfusion of BDNF induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic efficacy in the projection from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (Bla) to the IC of adult rats in vivo.
It is known that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) is essential for fear memory formation.
OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the effects of bilateral infusions of GRP or its receptor antagonist (RC-3095) into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) on the conditioned emotional response.
OBJECTIVE: The current study was performed to evaluate the involvement of basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) in the EGb761 facilitation effect on FPS. EGb761 was infused into cerebroventricle or basolateral nucleus of amygdala 10 min prior to fear conditioning.
The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) has been implicated in the modulation of learning after stress.
In the present study, extracellular recording was used to examine the neuronal activity of the basolateral nucleus (BL) of the amygdala and the effects of systemic administration of the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635 on the neuronal activity in the normal rats and rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-produced lesions in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).
5-HT1B KO showed selective decreases in G-protein coupling to mu-opioid receptors in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, and to GABAB receptors in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala.
The lateral, central, basolateral and basomedial nuclei exhibited acetylcholinesterase positivity, which provided a useful chemoarchitectural criterion for the identification of the anterior basolateral nucleus.
These experiments investigated the role of the alpha(2)-adrenoceptors of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in modulating the retention of inhibitory avoidance (IA).
Although NT and DA coexist in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), the function of Ntsr1 in the amygdala is not well characterized.
Although PFC and DA inputs overlap within the basolateral nucleus (BLA) and intercalated cell masses (ICMs), the spatial relationship between these afferents has not been investigated, nor is it known how DA D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) receptors are localized in relationship to PFC terminals.
The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) receives cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain and nicotine, via activation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), can improve performance in amygdala-based learning tasks.
The results of our current study demonstrate, for the first time that repeated administration of NPY directly into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) produces selective stress-resilient behavioral responses to an acute restraint challenge as measured in the social interaction test, but has no effect on hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis activity or stress-induced hyperthermia.
Among limbic regions, the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) is implicated in some aspects of the neurobiological mechanisms of drugs of abuse, including alcohol and cannabinoids.
Increased dendritic branching occurs in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.
These animals had also stronger 5-HT- and CRF-related immunostaining in the M2 area, and increased concentration of GABA in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (in vivo microdialysis).
The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex were found to receive a relatively weak projection from the PVT, and other regions of the BST and amygdala were found to be poorly innervated by the PVT.
The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) receives dense NE projections from the LC, NE increases in the BLA in response to stress, and the BLA can also modulate the LC via reciprocal projections.
Our results show that CPA associated with SMC injections caused a significant Fos labeling in the laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (LD), basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) and in the dorsomedial PAG (dmPAG).
GAL-immunoreactive fibers were identified in the medial nucleus, "bed nucleus" of the accessory olfactory tract, fiontal cortical nucleus, amygdalo-hippocampal area and basolateral nucleus.
Clonidine injection into the amygdala but outside the CeA, including the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, did not significantly alter TFL.
Anxiety is thought to be influenced by neuronal excitability in basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA).
Although it is well established that glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) are required for consolidation of fear memory, little is known about their role in reconsolidation of fear memory.
In the present experiments extracellular arginine, glutamate and aspartate were studied in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and core of the nucleus accumbens during the formalin test (phase I). Glutamate and arginine significantly increased in the nucleus accumbens after formalin injection; glutamate, arginine and aspartate significantly increased in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, after formalin injection.
We quantified spine density and dendritic material in Golgi-Cox stained tissue of the basolateral nucleus in young adult (3-5 months) and aged (20-24 months) male and female Long-Evans rats.
Accordingly the current study examined the stress modulation of extracellular glutamate levels in the basolateral nucleus (BLA) and the central nucleus (CeA) of the amygdala by in vivo microdialysis.
Previous works have shown that the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is involved in the acquisition, and more precisely, the control of the CS memory trace, of COA.
OBJECTIVES: The effects of long-term administration of citalopram, an SSRI, on basal as well as stress-induced extracellular noradrenaline levels in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and the locus coeruleus (LC) were determined.
Whatever the sensory modality used to reactivate TPOA memory, a significant change in Fos expression was observed in the hippocampus, the basolateral nucleus of amygdala and the medial and the orbito-frontal cortices.
Pharmacological evidence indicates that the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is involved in the mediation of inhibitory avoidance but not of escape behavior in the elevated T-maze test.
Wistar rats were kindled through daily administration of brief electrical stimulations to the left basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.
The medial amygdaloid nucleus contained the greatest amount of motilin receptors, which was also abound in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala but less abundant in the basomedial nucleus of the amygdala, central amygdaloid nucleus and lateral amygdaloid nucleus. Anti-motilin serum partially abolished these effects, and destruction of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala had no effects on duodenal MMC.
The expression pattern for nNOS in the basolateral nucleus differed substantially from that of the lateral and basomedial nuclei, showing a slightly increase in the number of nNOS cells and neuropil staining from intermediate developmental until early postnatal stages.
OBJECTIVE: The current study was performed to: (1) further investigate the effects of 5-HT2 receptor activation in rats exposed to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and the open-field arena, two widely used animal models for studying anxiety and locomotor activity; and (2) evaluate the involvement of the 5-HT2 receptors within the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in the modulation of such effects.
Dams that preferred the cocaine-associated cues had more c-Fos positive neurons in medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and basolateral nucleus of amygdala than pup-associated cue preferring dams or control.
The Entl is a major recipient for amygdaloid projections from the medial part of the lateral nucleus and the caudomedial part of the basolateral nucleus.
The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are involved importantly in the processing and encoding of emotionally salient learned associations.
Moderate-dose ethanol (1.0 g/kg) also significantly lowered LCGU rates in many brain regions of P rats, including key limbic structures, such as the medial prefrontal cortex, olfactory tubercles, ventral tegmental area, basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, lateral septum, and ventral pallidum.
Here we evaluated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala on the effect of d-cycloserine. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor (wortmannin, 5.0 microg/side, bilaterally) infused into the basolateral nucleus of amygdala significantly reduced both facilitation effect of d-cycloserine and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Control experiments indicated the blockage by actinomycin D or anisomycin were not due to lasting damage to the basolateral nucleus of amygdala or state dependency. These results suggested that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling cascades and new protein synthesis within the basolateral nucleus of amygdala played important roles in the d-cycloserine facilitation of the extinction of conditioned fear..
Expression of c-Fos in the amygdala (the central nucleus, CeA; the medial nucleus, MeA; the basolateral nucleus, BLA) following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and the CPA test was examined using a range of naloxone doses (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg).
At histology it was found that electroacupuncture at HD acupoints abolished tissue shrinkage in dorsal hippocampus, basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, substantia nigra and perirhinal cortex, whereas stimulation of LB acupoints prevented tissue shrinkage in all of the above structures except dorsal hippocampus.
In view of the functional similarities between the orbital cortex, the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex, the present study compared the effects of lesions to these three regions.
Infusion of MDZ into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) also attenuated conditioned aversions to sucrose.
Recent reports have also demonstrated that inactivation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) with muscimol enhances the behavioural consequences of the aversive stimulation of the IC and reduces the dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex.
Previous studies in our lab have shown that Urocortin infused into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala produces anxiety-like responses in the social interaction test.
The present experiment involved selective lesions of the central nucleus (CE) or the basolateral nucleus (BA) of the amygdala in rats followed by single-unit analyses of hippocampal CA1 subfield activity during classical eye blink conditioning.
PNs in the basolateral nucleus, identified in vitro by their distinctive electrophysiological characteristics in whole cell patch-clamp recordings, were filled with biocytin by diffusion from the patch electrode.
In the ventral hippocampus, only 8-OH-DPAT increased c-fos, while in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and locus coeruleus, it was increased only by muscimol.
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of BIBO 3304 in the Vogel's conflict drinking test and in the water intake test in non-deprived rats after injection of the drug into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdaloid complex.
the postpiriform-transition area, the anterior part of cortical nucleus, anterior part of basomedial nucleus, posterior part of basolateral nucleus, and medial part of central nucleus) and affiliated sites in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (i.e.
Reversible inactivation of either cortical or medial amygdala during the first 8 h postpartum impaired lamb olfactory recognition, whereas inactivation of the basolateral nucleus or infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid did not.
No changes were found in the levels of mRNA for GluR1 and GAP-43 in the frontal cortex, caudate putamen, dentate gyrus of hippocampus and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala after the single dose of 20 mg/kg cocaine.
In the same animals, EFPs were recorded in parallel in the anterior piriform cortex (aPC), posterior piriform cortex (pPC), cortical nucleus of the amygdala (CoA), and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) following electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb.
In the periaqueductal gray and basolateral nucleus of amygdala the most pronounced, but significantly higher in comparison with C group only, expression of c-Fos was detected in MS rats.
GLUk5-containing kainate receptors also mediate a longlasting synaptic facilitation induced by low-frequency stimulation in the external capsule to the basolateral nucleus pathway, and they appear to be partly responsible for the susceptibility of the amygdala to epileptogenesis.
Evoked postsynaptic currents were monitored from principal neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala by means of patch-clamp recording.
Microinjection of SSRI to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala reduced conditioned freezing, indicating that the amygdala is one of target brain sites of anxiolytic action of SSRIs. Furthermore, CFS-induced c-Fos expression in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala was reduced by SSRI pretreatment.
In the basolateral nucleus 72% of somatostatin (SOM), 73% of parvalbumin (PV) and 25% of VIP positive interneurons were GBR+.
These results indicate that the basolateral nucleus projects through the anterior commissure to the homologous amygdaloid nucleus in the contralateral hemisphere..
Here we show, using a combined electrophysiological and immunocytochemical approach, that spontaneous recovery of conditioned fear in mice is associated with a prolonged expression of long-term depression of synaptic transmission in the mPFC and the failure of induction of the immediate-early genesc-Fos and zif268 in the mPFC and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.
In particular, brainstem nuclei (e.g., nucleus of the solitary tract; NTS) and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) are active early as CTAs are formed and as extinction of the learned response begins.
FAAH distribution in the amygdala was similar to that of the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor: evident signal in neuronal somata and proximal dendrites in the basolateral nucleus, and hardly any labelling in the central nucleus.
At 96 h after the administration of picrotoxin into the basolateral nucleus, we have observed an increase in the expression of genes associated with 18 different monoamine (ie adrenergic alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta 2, serotonergic 5HT5b and 5HT6, dopamine D4 and muscarinic m1, m2 and m3) and peptide (CCK A and B, angiotensin 1A, mu and kappa opiate, FSH, TSH, LH, GNRH, and neuropeptide Y) G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) share many reciprocal connections, and a functional interaction between these regions is important in controlling goal-directed behavior.
Wistar rats implanted with electrodes in the left basolateral nucleus were stimulated until 15 consecutive stage V seizures (scale of Racine).
The present microdialysis study investigated whether nociceptin/orphanin FQ exerts a tonic inhibition of the release of noradrenaline in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in awake rats. The increase was strongly suppressed by local infusion of an endogenous N/OFQ peptide receptor agonist, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (1 microM) via retrograde microdialysis, into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala. Local infusion of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (1 microM) itself reduced noradrenaline release in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala to about 70% of basal levels. These results indicate that a large part of basal release of noradrenaline in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is under tonic inhibitory control by endogenous nociceptin/orphanin FQ through the N/OFQ peptide receptors localized within the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala..
Behavioral and microdialysis studies showed that sustained pain evoked by the intraplanter injection of formalin induced conditioned place aversion through the increment of glutamate release followed by the activation of NMDA receptors in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA).
The orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) receives inputs from the CA1/subicular (CA1/S) region of the ventral hippocampus and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA).
Main projection sites of PL are: the agranular insular cortex, claustrum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, the paraventricular, mediodorsal, and reuniens nuclei of thalamus, the capsular part of the central nucleus and the basolateral nucleus of amygdala, and the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the brainstem.
Previous studies on the insular cortex (IC), a region of the temporal cortex implicated in the acquisition and storage of different aversive learning tasks, have demonstrated that tetanic stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (Bla) induces an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent form of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the IC of adult rats in vivo.
In the present experiments, twice-daily electrical stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in female Wistar rats was found to be associated with a significant body weight gain compared to unstimulated controls.
It has previously been shown that prolonged (60-min) low-intensity electrical stimulation of a kindled focus in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) of Wistar rats resulted in the development of self-sustained status epilepticus (SSSE) with predominantly partial seizures and subsequent brain damage in the ipsilateral hemisphere.
Using bilateral local microinjections of the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol, we inactivated neurons originating from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) or basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA).
Adult male rats bilaterally implanted with guide canullae aimed either at the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP) or the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) were trained in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task (IA) and tested for retention 24 h after training.
Some pyramidal projection neurons in the anterior subdivision of the basolateral nucleus exhibited low levels of CCK immunoreactivity in rats that received injections of colchicine to interrupt axonal transport; staining was concentrated in the axon initial segments of these cells.
In the present report, we show approximately 200 Hz oscillations in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BL) and the adjacent dorsal endopiriform nucleus (EPN) of the behaving rat.
We have previously shown that stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) within a distinct time window can reinforce a transient early-LTP into a long-lasting late-LTP in the dentate gyrus (DG) in freely moving rats.
The strength of these effects in the nucleus accumbens shell and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala are consistent with behavioral and clinical data indicating the importance of these areas in the neuroadaptive changes which characterize addiction and withdrawal states..
The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is under tonic GABAergic inhibition, and acutely blocking this inhibition results in increased anxiety-like behavior, conditioned avoidance, and sympathetically mediated cardiovascular activation.
The subcortical projections of the basolateral nucleus, at least in the rat, appear to be dichotomous, with anterior (or magnocellular) portions of the nucleus preferentially targeting striatum and ventral striatum (including the core of the nucleus accumbens), while the posterior (small-celled) portions of the basolateral nucleus target the extended amygdala as well as the shell of the nucleus accumbens.
Immediately following extinction training, separate groups of rats received peripheral (100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, or 2 g/kg) or intra-amygdala (basolateral nucleus; 1.5 micro g/0.5 micro L or 10 micro g/0.5 micro L) injections of glucose or vehicle.
Wistar rats were bilaterally cannulated into basolateral nucleus of amygdala.
To examine the role of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) glutamate receptors on memory consolidation, rats were bilaterally implanted with cannulae aimed at the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus (CA1), entorhinal cortex (ENTO), posterior parietal cortex (PPC) or the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), and trained in a one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Our data suggest that the consolidation of the avoidance memory requires intact non-NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, but not necessarily in the entorhinal and parietal cortex, for long periods after training..
In vehicle-treated rats, ketamine increased 2-DG uptake in select brain regions, including medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, stratum lacunosum-moleculare of hippocampus, and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.
This pattern of behavior is similar to that seen with lesions of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), and correspondingly, gria1 KO mice displayed impaired acquisition of responding under a second-order schedule.
By using a dual immunoperoxidase/immunogold-silver procedure at the ultrastructural level, it was found that 30% of VIP+ terminals in the anterior subdivision of the basolateral nucleus innervated interneurons that were either CB+ (25%) or VIP+ (5%).
Microinjections of NPY(3-36), an NPY Y(2) preferring agonist, into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) produced bi-directional dose-response curve.
Orbitofrontal axons terminated densely in a narrow band around the borders of the magnocellular basolateral nucleus, surrounded by projection neurons along a continuum through the nuclei of the basal complex. Moreover, medial prefrontal axonal terminations were expansive, spreading into the parvicellular basolateral nucleus, which is robustly connected with hypothalamic autonomic structures, suggesting that they may influence the expressive emotional system of the amygdala. In addition, the results provided direct evidence that the connections of anterior temporal visual and auditory association cortices occupy overlapping territories with the orbitofrontal cortices particularly in the posterior half of the amygdala, and specifically within the intermediate sector of the basolateral nucleus and in the magnocellular part of the basomedial nucleus (also known as accessory basal), suggesting a closely linked triadic network.
In contrast, basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) CCK mRNA was enhanced following odor exposure among mice in the light dark test relative only to saline treated mice which demonstrated a natural decrease in BLA CCK mRNA following the light dark test.
Regulatory mechanisms in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) serves as a filter for unconditioned and conditioned aversive information that ascend to higher structures from the brainstem whereas the central nucleus (CeA) is the main output for the resultant defense reaction.
There was a small reduction in neuronal density in the basolateral nucleus in all Parkinson's disease cases, but no consistent volume or cell loss within this region. However, the proportion of LB-containing neurones in the basolateral nucleus was nearly doubled in cases that exhibited visual hallucinations, suggesting that neuronal dysfunction in this nucleus contributes to this late clinical feature.
For seizure control in temporal lobe epilepsy, the head of the hippocampus to the choroidal point, parahippocampal gyrus, entorhinal area, uncus, and at least the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala should be completely removed.
The posterior basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is known to mediate fear and anxiety and is important in assigning emotional valence to cognitive processes. In order to characterize the development of this relay, injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin were stereotaxically placed within the posterior basolateral nucleus of the amygdala of rats at successive postnatal time points (postnatal days 6-120). We found that the density of labeled fibers originating from the posterior basolateral nucleus shows a sharp curvilinear increase within layers II and V of the anterior cingulate cortex and the infralimbic subdivisions of medial prefrontal cortex during the late postweanling period.
These results suggest that the upregulation of BDNF expression and protein in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and its targets could be an important part of the neuroadaptive response to psychostimulants..
Most of the connections known from in-vivo studies within and between the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, the amygdala (basolateral nucleus, lateral nucleus, and amygdalopiriform transition area) and the hippocampus were preserved in the 400 microm-thick horizontal slices employed..
METHODS: Nine male adult cats with implanted electrodes in both amygdalae (basolateral nucleus), both lateral geniculate bodies, left NTS, and both prefrontal cortices were used.
In the basolateral nucleus more than 90% of SOM+ neurons also exhibited CB immunoreactivity, whereas in the lateral nucleus about two-thirds of SOM+ neurons contained significant levels of CB. These SOM/CB neurons constituted about one quarter of the CB+ population in the basolateral nucleus and about one third of the CB+ population in the lateral nucleus.
Electrical stimuli delivered to the lateral nucleus (La) caused the optical signal to propagate to basolateral nucleus (BL) and amygdalostriatal transition area (AStr), but not the central nucleus (Ce), consistent with previous anatomical studies, including the recently characterized projections from La to AStr.
In intracellular recordings, LTG (100 microM) reduced GABA(A) receptor-mediated IPSPs evoked by electrical stimulation in neurons of the basolateral nucleus.
Thus, focal application of morphine within the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala produced hypoalgesia and influenced RVM ON and OFF cells in a manner similar to that seen following systemic or RVM opioid administration. One way in which the modulatory circuitry of the RVM might be engaged physiologically in behaving animals is via opioid-mediated activation of the basolateral nucleus..
There is extensive evidence suggesting that the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala plays a critical role in modulating memory consolidation processes in other brain regions.
These plastic neurons were located mainly in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, and responses of the plastic neurons were correlated with behavioural responses. These results suggest that the basolateral nucleus is crucial in associative learning between sensory information and affective significance for behavioural outputs in appetitive conditioned instrumental behaviours..
Infusion of a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) blocks memory enhancement induced by systemic or intra-BLA administration of a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist.
The behavioral effects of direct injection of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptor agonist C2-NPY into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) was assessed in rats utilizing the social interaction test (SI).
Priming involves daily stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) for 5 days using a dose of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI), that is subthreshold to generate anxiogenic-like responses.
Co-administration of both compounds enhanced c-Fos expression in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, central and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, dorso-lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, cingular and piriform cortex, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Recent studies on the insular cortex (IC), a region of the temporal cortex implicated in the acquisition and storage of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), have demonstrated that tetanic stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (Bla) induce an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) dependent LTP in the IC of adult rats in vivo.
We have recently shown that the stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is able to prolong early-LTP (<4h) into late-LTP (>4h) in the dentate gyrus.
In the rabbit the highest acetylcholinesterase activity is found in the basolateral nucleus and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract.
Although the basolateral nucleus (BL) of the amygdala is known to contain an abundance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons that regulate the amygdaloid projection neurons and influence storage and consolidation of memory, it remains to be determined what type of neuronal input controls GABAergic neurons in the BL.
Principal neurons showed only weak LTD after low frequency stimulation.A synopsis of these findings suggests a pivotal role of GABAergic interneurons and serotonergic afferents in the induction of LTD in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala..
Here, we studied the distribution of IL-1RI mRNA in the brains of LEW/N and F344/N rats, and demonstrated that IL-1RI mRNA expression has significantly increased in the basolateral nucleus (BLA) of the amygdala of LEW/N rats.
However, the lateral and central nuclei participate in emotional learning whilst the basolateral nucleus is especially involved in modulation of the memory when emotional activation occurs..
The present study investigated the effects of excitotoxic lesions of another temporal lobe structure, the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), on LI.
LM showed that the ChAT immunoreactivity was densest in the basolateral nucleus (BL), whereas the DBH immunoreactivity was densest in the posterior BL.
This signal propagated to the basolateral nucleus and the amygdalostriatal transition zone but not to the central nucleus.
Calbindin-positive neurons constituted almost 60% of the GABA-containing population in both subdivisions of the basolateral nucleus and more than 40% of the GABA-containing population in the lateral nucleus.
Within the amygdala, selective lesions of the central nucleus (CeN), but not of the basolateral nucleus (BLA), abolished the PIT effect.
Based on the regional and subregional distribution of changes in GABA cells in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it has been postulated that the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala may contribute to these abnormalities through an increased flow of excitatory activity.
To determine the physiological role of tachykinin NK1 receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLN) we have studied the electrophysiological effects of substance P (SP) in the absence and presence of selective tachykinin receptor antagonists in guinea pig brain slices. Thus in the basolateral nucleus of the guinea pig amygdala, NK1 receptor activation preferentially stimulates inhibitory synaptic activity.
We investigated the effects of psychological stress, lacking direct physical stimulus, on the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) in the rat using the in vivo microdialysis technique with dual probes, one in each region of the same animals.
There is extensive evidence indicating that the noradrenergic system of the amygdala, particularly the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), is involved in memory consolidation.
In contrast, DEX1-3 rats had no changes in hippocampal corticosteroid receptors, but showed increased mRNA levels for both receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.
Ovariectomized prairie voles that were treated with estradiol benzoate had a higher level of BDNF mRNA labeling in the dentate gyrus and CA3 region of the hippocampus, as well as in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, than did ovariectomized voles that were treated with vehicle.
Previously, we reported that these effects depend on an intact basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and efferents from the BLA that run through the stria terminalis (ST).
Here, we use both field potential and intracellular recordings in rat amygdala slices, and show that LTP in the basolateral nucleus, induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the external capsule is input-specific, can be reversed by low-frequency stimulation (LFS), and can be reinstated by HFS. These synapse-specific, reversible changes in synaptic strength in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala may be important to amygdala's role in emotional memory..
The highest intensity significantly decreased licking (85%), [ (3)H]Ro 15-1788 binding (12%) and alpha1 transcript levels (63%) in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, and [ (3)H]Ro 15-1788 binding in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (15%), compared to non-punished controls. Punishment increased the ratio of gamma2L/S transcripts in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.
Two cats preferred long-latency pedal-pressing to obtain meat, and were considered to be "self-controlled," while the third cat, which preferred short-latency pedal-pressing to obtain the less valuable reinforcement (the bread/meat mixture) was described as "impulsive." Chronically implanted semimicroelectrodes were used to record multineuron activity in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Although previous work has shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) play a role in the acquisition of TPOA, the present study aimed at describing the process in which NMDA receptors in the BLA are involved during acquisition of TPOA.
Within the globus pallidus and thalamic nucleus immunoreactivity for A2 was hardly detectable despite of intense B1 immunolabeling, while within the endopiriform nucleus and lateral and basolateral nucleus of amygdala intensity of B1 immunolabeling was relatively weak compared to A2.
METHODS: Lesions were performed in basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in the same rats sequentially to evaluate both the individual, as well as combined effects of lesions of these two centres.
In the brain, Fos-immunoreactive neurons were significantly more numerous in the deep pain group than in the cutaneous pain group in the piriform cortex, the accumbens nucleus core, the basolateral nucleus of amygdala, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the ventral tegmental area, and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Furthermore, the detection of large numbers of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the core of accumbens nucleus, basolateral nucleus of amygdala, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and ventral tegmental area in the deep pain group may suggest a dominant reaction of dopaminergic neurons to stress, and a different information processing pathway than from that of cutaneous pain..
Lesion of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala decreases the threshold of aversive reactions induced by electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus. The present work examined the influence of microinjections of nefazodone, a serotonin (5-HT(2)) antagonist, into the basolateral nucleus of amygdala on aversive reactions induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) microinjected into the inferior colliculus. Rats implanted with cannulae in the inferior colliculus and in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala were submitted to the open-field test where defensive behaviors were observed. Results indicated that microinjection of nefazodone into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala increases aversive responses induced by NMDA injections into the inferior colliculus. This result suggests that the inferior colliculus and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala have a functional relationship on the neural circuitry of defensive behavior. Moreover, 5-HT(2) receptors located at the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala seem to play an inhibitory role on defensive behaviors induced by inferior colliculus stimulation..
Previous work in our laboratory has shown that Urocortin (Ucn), a peptide related to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), injected into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in male Wistar rats would result in an anxiogenic response as measured in the social interaction (SI) test.
In our studies we observed that PKC beta was predominantly expressed in the neocortex, in area CA1 of the hippocampus, and in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala. The PKC expression pattern and behavioral phenotype in the PKC beta knock-out animals indicate a critical role for the beta isoform of PKC in learning-related signal transduction mechanisms, potentially in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala..
Originally, parvalbumin was restricted to the magnocellular part of basolateral nucleus but it was finally expressed also in the parvicellular part of basolateral nucleus and the dorsolateral part of lateral nucleus.
We evaluated the effects of infusions of the NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) on the formation and expression of memory for inhibitory avoidance.
In the present study, we evaluated whether infusion of the NMDA antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) impairs reinforcement of inhibitory avoidance learning in rats given previous training.
Stimulating mu opioid receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in anesthetized rats produces antinociception that is similar to environmentally induced antinociception in awake rats.
A study of gustatory preference was carried out in Wistar strain albino rats by electrolytically lesioning the basolateral nucleus of amygdala.
Repeated administration of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala at doses subthreshold to eliciting a full response will eventually produce long-term 'priming', such that heart rate, blood pressure as well as anxiety are increased at the lower doses. The present study was conducted in order to determine if the long-term priming of anxiety within the basolateral nucleus is producing a condition similar to that seen in human panic disorder by testing the response elicited by i.v. Male Wistar rats were fitted with femoral arterial and venous catheters and chronic microinjection cannulae into the basolateral nucleus. Repeated daily injections of a subthreshold dose of bicuculline methiodide into the basolateral nucleus for 4-5 days elicited a primed response, while the same procedure with artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle (a-CSF; sham-primed) had no effect. Thus, rats which are primed with chronic subthreshold GABA receptor blockade in the basolateral nucleus develop a sensitivity to sodium lactate, similar to human panic disorder patients..
We have recently shown that early-long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus can be reinforced into late LTP by stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala [ Frey et al., submitted for publication].
Selective lesions of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) or infusions of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists into the BLA block the memory-modulatory effects of systemic injections of glucocorticoids.
Following bulbectomy, long term (up to 64 days post-lesion) Jun expression, not coincident with silver staining, was observed in the basolateral nucleus. The basolateral nucleus was also intensely immunoreactive for serotonin at this timepoint post-bulbectomy.
Recent studies on the insular cortex (IC), a region of the temporal cortex implicated in the acquisition and retention of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), have demonstrated that tetanic stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (Bla) induce LTP in the IC of adult rats in vivo, as well as, that blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors disrupts CTA and IC-LTP induction in vivo.
Less dense labelling was observed in the basolateral nucleus, where it was possible to clearly visualise the distal dendrites of NK(1) immunoreactive neurones and quantify the effect of immobilisation stress on NK(1) receptor endocytosis morphology, a marker of local substance P release.
There is extensive evidence indicating that the noradrenergic system of the amygdala, particularly the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), is involved in memory consolidation.
-
[ View All ]
