Notably, newborn neurons with a mature neuronal phenotype are found in the olfactory tubercles, anterior olfactory nuclei, tenia tecta, islands of Calleja, amygdala, and lateral entorhinal cortex. 
In mice injected with melanoma cells, the specific binding of [ (125)I]EYWSLAAPQRF-NH(2), an agonist of neuropeptide FF(2) receptors, was increased in several brain areas involved in the rewarding properties of opiates, including the shell of the nucleus accumbens, the major islands of Calleja, the ventral endopiriform nucleus and the amygdaloid area.
The comparative distribution of LGR8 (receptor protein) was examined by autoradiography of [ (125)I]-human INSL3 binding sites, with high densities detected in the thalamus, especially in Pf, and in the entire striatum-the caudate putamen (CPmu), islands of Calleja, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens-with lower levels in distinct layers of cerebral cortex.
We observed FOXP2 mRNA expression in several brain structures, including the striatum, the islands of Calleja and other basal forebrain regions, the cerebral cortex, and the thalamus. FOXP2, as well as PBX3 and MEIS2, was expressed in the islands of Calleja and other cell clusters of the basal forebrain. FOXP2, in combination with PBX3 and MEIS2, may play a pivotal role in the development of striosomal neurons of the striatum and the islands of Calleja..
The resulting anterograde labeling includes the olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja and sparse terminal fields in the shell of the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. The analysis of the distribution of neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and substance P in the ventral striato-pallidum of rats, and the anterograde tracing of the vomeronasal amygdaloid input in the same material confirm that, similar to reptiles, the ventral striatum of mammals includes a specialized vomeronasal structure (olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja) displaying dense neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and serotonin-immunoreactive innervations.
Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones..
The highest densities of the reactive neurons (> 1000 labeled neurons per section 200x200 microm2) was found in the islands of Calleja (ICjs).
The posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus mainly projects to other amygdaloid nuclei; other seemingly minor outputs are directed to the ventral striatum, in particular to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja. Injection of dextran-amines into the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus of rats resulted in anterograde labeling in the ventral striatum, in particular in the core of the nucleus accumbens, and in the medial olfactory tubercle including some islands of Calleja and the cell bridges across the ventral pallidum. This latter projection is directed to the medial olfactory tubercle including the corresponding islands of Calleja, an area recently described as critical node for the neural circuit of addiction to some stimulant drugs of abuse..
Thereafter, by means of in situ hybridization, nerve growth factor inducible clone A (NGFI-A) mRNA was measured in the striatum and the Calleja islands of these animals. Moreover, RLA-I rats showed stronger reduction of NGFI-A mRNA in the Calleja islands than RHA-I rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results, together with previous findings, suggest that differences in D3 receptor expression in the Calleja islands may contribute to the divergent behavioral effect of PD-128,907 administration in the two strains of Roman rats..
A high density of irGPR30 was noted in the islands of Calleja and striatum.
MDMA-induced Fos expression was unaffected by ambient temperature at many other sites, and was diminished at high temperature at one site (the islands of Calleja), suggesting that the effect of temperature on MDMA-induced Fos expression was not a general pharmacokinetic effect.
A significant decrease in D3 binding was seen in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, the islands of Calleja, and the subependymal zone of ci3 mutant rats. Furthermore, a significant laterality in D3 binding was determined in ci3 rats in that binding was lower in the contralateral hemisphere in the shell of the nucleus accumbens and the islands of Calleja.
In contrast, the D1 and D3 receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens was higher in RHA-I rats, whereas RLA-I rats show higher D3 binding in the Calleja islands.
C57BL/6J mice exhibited lower D3R binding density (-32%) in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens/islands of Calleja), lower D3R mRNA expression (-26%) in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum, and greater D3R mRNA expression (+40%) in the hippocampus, relative to DBA/2J mice.
PK2 mRNA is expressed in discrete regions of the brain, including suprachiasmatic nucleus, islands of Calleja and medial preoptic area, olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens shell, hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, and amygdala.
In contrast, the binding of 125I-sulpride to DA-3 receptors was higher in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens (shell and core) and islands of Calleja in Wistar-Kyoto compared to Wistar rats.
CB2 immunoreactivity was also observed in olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, amygdala, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, paratrochlear nucleus, paralemniscal nucleus, red nucleus, pontine nuclei, inferior colliculus and the parvocellular portion of the medial vestibular nucleus.
Uncoupling protein 2/3 immunoreactivity was observed in discrete dopaminergic terminals in the nucleus accumbens and in the cerebral cortex whereas it was found in scattered noradrenergic terminals in the caudate putamen and islands of Calleja Magna.
Granule cell clusters (islands of Calleja) were present, but were small, poorly defined and did not show the intense NADPH diaphorase activity seen in marsupial and placental mammals.
Acute administration of heroin in vehicle pretreated rats increased Fos-IR in the central, medial, and dorsomedial caudate putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens (NAC, core and shell regions), lateral septum, islands of Calleja-major (ICjM), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), dorsolateral and dorsomedial periaqueductal gray (PAG), ventral tegmental area (VTA), Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW).
Increases in c-fos expression were also seen in the nucleus accumbens, cingulate/frontal cortex and piriform cortex, and islands of Calleja. Chronic MPH treatment (10 mg/kg/day for 14 days) resulted in an attenuation of c-fos expression in the striatum and islands of Calleja.
The highest levels of hybridization are observed in olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, dentate gyrus, caudate-putamen and some thalamic nuclei.
By far, the most intense staining in the forebrain of both rats and cynomolgus monkeys was found in islands of Calleja, where it appeared to be a selective marker for the core or hilus regions of the islands, or an analogous region found adjacent to them. The core regions of different islands appear to be continuous with each other so as to form a complex three-dimensional structure, which is largely encased by layers of granule cells. The neuronal elements in the islands of Calleja, which express m4 receptors, remain to be identified, but it is unlikely that cholinergic neurons are a major locus of these receptors. Although there are certain similarities between the islands of Calleja and other components of the striatal complex, the current studies emphasize the extent to which the islands are unique in terms of their architecture and chemical anatomy..
Potentiated regions included the accumbens, dorsal caudate putamen, islands of Calleja, thalamus, cingulate cortex, ventral tegmental area, dorsal Raphe nucleus, and ventral subiculum.
These cells give rise to granule neurons in the islands of Calleja and olfactory tubercle pyramidal layer, respectively.
Additional HCt efferents are directed to the subcallosal septum (presumed septohippocampal nucleus), the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja.
In Parkinson's disease (PD) and animal models of parkinsonism the destruction of nigrostriatal (NSB) system results in a marked loss of the dopamine D(3) receptor and mRNA in the islands of Calleja (ICj) and the nucleus accumbens shell (NAS).
Additionally, clozapine was more potent than haloperidol at inducing Fos-like immunoreactivity in the islands of Calleja.
Both GIPC mRNA and protein are widely expressed in rat brain and together with the D(3)R in neurons of the islands of Calleja at plasma membranes and in vesicles.
Dense fiber staining was observed within the islands of Calleja, olfactory tubercle, hippocampal complex, amygdala; moderate to light fiber staining was seen in iso- and limbic cortices.
High basal expression of the heteronuclear transcript that appeared unchanged by the immune stimulus was seen in regions not primarily involved in the immune response, such as the striatum, the olfactory tubercle, and the islands of Calleja and in the immune activated central nucleus of the amygdala.
Regions expressing both high levels of NTS3/sortilin mRNA and protein also included several neocortical areas, the islands of Calleja, medial and lateral septal nuclei, amygdaloid nuclei, thalamic nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus, the substantia nigra, and the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex.
Using a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing syntrophin-associated serine/threonine kinase-124, strong expression of the protein was observed in neurons of the subventricular zone and granule cells of the olfactory bulb, islands of Calleja, hippocampal dentate gyrus and cerebellum.
Biochemical study showed that MIR administered repeatedly decreased the binding of [ 3H]quinpirole (a D2/D3 receptor agonist) in the shell part of the nucleus accumbens septi and in the islands of Calleja but did not change the binding in the nucleus caudatus (medial or lateral). On the other hand, both acute and repeated drug treatment did not change the [ 3H]7-OH-DPAT (a D3 receptor agonist) binding sites in the islands of Calleja as well as in the shell part of nucleus accumbens septi.
In situ hybridization was carried out to localize PRAX-1 mRNA in the rat brain and revealed a high expression of the transcript in limbic structures such as the CA1 region of the hippocampus, as well as the dentate gyrus, septum, amygdala, and the islands of Calleja.
However, estradiol and raloxifene treatment decreased dopamine D(3) receptor binding in the islands of Calleja, the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal part of the anterior striatum, compared with ovariectomized rats.
In situ hybridization examined preprotachykinin A mRNA levels in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens, the islands of Calleja, the olfactory tubercle, the dorsal and ventral caudate-putamen, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial preoptic area, the medial habenular nucleus and in the postero-dorsal part of the medial amygdala. Higher levels of preprotachykinin A mRNA were found in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens, in the islands of Calleja, in the olfactory tubercle, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, in the medial habenular nucleus and the postero-dorsal part of the medial amygdala, compared to control animals.
In the basal ganglia, H(3) receptors are highly expressed in the striatal complex and olfactory tubercles but not in islands of Calleja.
We found sustained proto-oncogene c-fos expression in neurons of the lateral and medial neostriatum and suppression of this expression in nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing cells within the islands of Calleja after lesions of the dopaminergic mesostriatal system induced by 6-hydroxydopamine.
In brief, very high levels of Y1R-LI were seen in the islands of Calleja, the anterior olfactory nucleus, the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, parts of the habenula, the interpeduncular nucleus, the mammillary body, the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, caudal part, the paratrigeminal nucleus, and superficial layers of the dorsal horn.
Biochemical study revealed a decrease in the [ (3)H]7-OH-DPAT binding sites after acute and repeated treatment with TIA or FLU in the islands of Calleja minor, as well as in the shell part of nucleus accumbens septi.
High levels of specific binding occurred in the corpus striatum, nucleus accumbens, islands of Calleja and the olfactory tubercle. The 5-HT(6) receptor ligand binding seen here in the striatum, accumbens, olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, cerebral cortex and hippocampus are in concordance with previous immunohistochemical studies, and suggest a possible involvement of 5-HT(6) receptors in locomotor control, cognition, memory, and control of affect.
(v) The core regions of the islands of Calleja that border the ventral pallidum (VP) sharing some of its features are invaded by myelinated fibers of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). (vi) The VP is composed of a large dorsal reticulated part traversed by the myelinated GABAergic parvalbumin-immunoreactive axons of the MFB and a slender ventral non-reticulate part close to the islands of Calleja.
The most dense expression was seen in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the islands of Calleja, the lateral septum (ventral), the central nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (lateral division) and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray.
Exceptions were the islands of Calleja, the compact part of the substantia nigra and the locus coeruleus.
In other forebrain regions, the olfactory bulb, the hippocampal formation, and the islands of Calleja and Calleja magna, localized discrepancies were present between the 5-HT2A-IR neuronal profiles and the 5-HT-IR terminal-like varicosities.
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and islands of Calleja had high expression of the D1 mRNA and moderate D2 mRNA levels.
Repeated treatment with PRA (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, 14 days, twice daily) also enhanced the D3 receptor binding in the islands of Calleja and nucleus accumbens (shell)--the brain region known to be rich in D3 receptors--when [ 3H]7-OH-DPAT was used as a ligand. Repeated PRA administration did not change the concentration of mRNA coding for D3 receptors in the islands of Calleja.
In symptomatic cats, D3 receptor density was significantly decreased in all regions of the caudate nucleus (CD) (66--77%), the nucleus accumbens (NACC) (52--83%) and the islands of Calleja (IC) (67%), all of which returned to normal values in recovered cats.
Using receptor autoradiography, high Y1-like binding was observed in the islands of Calleja and dentate gyrus.
Autoradiographic means for measuring levels of D2 ([ (3)H]-spiperone) and D3 receptors ([ (125)I]trans 7-OH-PIPAT) and of D3 mRNA by in situ hybridization histochemistry in rat caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, islands of Calleja, and olfactory tubercle determined that there were significant group differences for regulation of D2 receptor.
The islands of Calleja in the rat brain stain brilliantly and stand out clearly using the NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining. The 3-D structure of the islands of Calleja was mapped in sagittal sections of young adult (3 months) and aged (28 months) animals. Alignment of the sections using fixed anatomical anchers revealed that the islands of Calleja were one continuous structure at both ages studied.
Low levels of Y1 immunostaining were distributed widely throughout layers II-III of the cerebral cortex (i.e., orbital, cingulate, frontal, parietal, insular, and temporal regions), nucleus accumbens core, amygdalohippocampal and amygdalopiriform areas, dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA2 fields of hippocampus, principal and oral divisions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, islands of Calleja and presubiculum.
The highest levels of D3 receptors were measured in the islands of Calleja, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and lobules 9 and 10 of the cerebellum.
However, no sex differences in AR-ir were observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus basalis of Meynert, or the islands of Calleja.
MIL administered acutely or repeatedly did not change the binding of [ 3H]7-OH-DPAT to dopamine D3 receptors in the islands of Calleja and the shell region of the nucleus accumbens septi.
5-HT(6) receptor-like immunoreactivity has been previously found in association with both neuronal dendrites and cilia in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja of the rat brain.
Neuropil was immunoreactive in olfactory bulb, islands of Calleja, cerebral cortex, superior colliculus, and molecular layer of cerebellum.
Interestingly, the tubercular seam showed similar properties to the dwarf cell compartment, located immediately adjacent to the islands of Calleja.
The K(D) and B(max) values of the dopamine D(3) agonist [ (3)H]PD 128907 were not affected by toluene, as measured in caudate-putamen and subcortical limbic area using biochemical receptor binding assays and in caudate-putamen and islands of Calleja using quantitative receptor autoradiography.
In rat brain, the distribution of immunoreactivity matched that of D(3)R binding, revealed using [ (125)I]R(+)trans-7-hydroxy-2-[ N-propyl-N-(3'-iodo-2'-propenyl)amino] tetralin ([ (125)I]7-trans-OH-PIPAT), with dense signals in the islands of Calleja and mammillary bodies, and moderate to low signals in the shell of nucleus accumbens (AccSh), frontoparietal cortex, substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and lobules 9 and 10 of the cerebellum.
Antibodies directed against the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) revealed dark (type 1) and light (type 2) nuclear positive neurons within the islands of Calleja, endopiriform nucleus, lateral septum, subfields of the cholinergic basal forebrain, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, striohypothalamic region, medial preoptic region, periventricular, ventromedial, arcuate and tuberal mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, reuniens and anterior medial thalamic nuclei, amygdaloid complex, piriform cortex and subfornical organ.
Intraperitoneally administered CGS 21680 (0.1-3 mg/kg) increased the Kd and Bmax values of [ 3H]PD 128907 binding in the islands of Calleja and in subregions of the caudate-putamen.
In situ autoradiography for D3 receptors showed a 27% fall in the density of D3 receptors in the islands of Calleja compared with control animals.
The density of binding sites was high in the islands of Calleja, accumbens nucleus, caudate putamen and olfactory tubercles, moderate in the hippocampus, amygdala and anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus.
In maternally experienced ewes, parturition induced additional increases in two areas, the paraventricular nucleus and the islands of Calleja. The changes in progesterone and oestrogen that occur during late pregnancy and parturition appear to contribute to increases in expression in the anterior olfactory nucleus, islands of Calleja, medial preoptic area, ventromedial hypothalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and diagonal band of Broca, but not in the paraventricular nucleus, lateral septum and medial amygdala. Maternal experience also enhances expression of oxytocin receptor mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus and the islands of Calleja.
MSCs also populated neuron rich regions including the islands of Calleja, the olfactory bulb, and the internal granular layer of the cerebellum.
We found activation c-fos protein in the NO synthase-containing neurons within the islands of Calleja (96.46 +/- 16.03 fos-immunoreactive nuclei per 50 mm section) in control and suppression of this activation after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of dopaminergic mesostriatal system of brain (14.31 +/- 4.59 nuclei per section). Since the neuronal activity in the islands of Calleja is associated with the blood supply changes in the basal ganglia we propose that the suppression of c-fos protein expression in this structure after lesions of dopaminergic mesostriatal system reflects the disorders its blood supply..
Immunolabeling was most prominent in the olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, diagonal band of Broca, substantia innominata, and magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the basal forebrain as well as in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus.
Expression was pronounced in 5-hydroxytryptamine terminal regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, lateral septum, paraventricular hypothalamus and paraventricular thalamus.
This includes elevated release of DA from the mesolimbic DA terminals, elevated D3 receptor mRNA in the islands of Calleja and nucleus accumbens, and enhanced behavioral response to psychostimulants..
In situ hybridization showed that the PPT-A mRNA is expressed highly in specific regions of the postmortem human brain, including the striatum, islands of Calleja, hypothalamus (posterior, premammillary, medial mammillary, and ventromedial nuclei), superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, and oculomotor nuclear complex.
Only 2 of 47 neurons tested in the region of the olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja (IC), and ventral pallidum responded to changes in arterial blood pressure.
In fact, D1 and D3 receptors colocalize in the islands of Calleja, in which they interact in opposition on c-fos mRNA expression, and in the shell of nucleus accumbens, in which they interact in synergy on substance P mRNA expression.
We studied developmental expression of D3R in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAC) and islands of Calleja (ISC).
In tissue sections, we found high numbers of binding sites for [ 3H]PD 128907 both in the islands of Calleja and the caudate-putamen (Bmax values being 500 and 1000 fmol/mg protein, respectively). The KD values were higher in the caudate-putamen than in the islands of Calleja.
No changes in PPT-A mRNA levels were found in the nucleus accumbens, core (AcbC), in the islands of Calleja (Icj), and in the medial preoptic area (mPOA).
In comparison, whereas GALR3 mRNA was expressed in many areas of the rat brain, there was abundant expression in the primary olfactory cortex, olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja, the hippocampal CA regions of Ammon's horn, and the dentate gyrus.
Complex study of the structure of islands of Calleja in carnivore brain (cat and dog) was conducted. Using Nissl and Golgi methods, HRP axonal transport and electron microscopy the islands were found to be composed of cells of 3 types varying in size, shape, dendrite spatial distribution and ultrastructure. The majority of cell population in the islands is formed by small granular cells with scarce medium-sized, mitral-like and larger cells among them. The administration of retrograde marker into posterolateral hypothalamus provided the evidence for the presence of cells in the islands of Calleja projecting to this area. The resemblance between mitral-like and granular cells of the large islands of Calleja with mitral-like and granular cells of olfactory bulb, respectively, supports our assumption that these islands compose the central sensory nucleus (presumably of the sensory terminal nerve)..
The mutant brain had evidence of apoptosis and reactive gliosis and, consistent with the D1R expression pattern, the striatum was reduced in volume, and the islands of Calleja were absent.
From 30 days of age and through adulthood, intense NADPH staining is also observed in the islands of Calleja, as well as in cells of the dorsal cortex, often associated with the path of the rostral migratory stream..
In contrast, D-3 receptors were 'down-regulated' in the islands of Calleja in both rat lines.
The receptor autoradiography technique with [ 3H]7-OH-DPAT as a radioligand was applied to measure the effects of antidepressant drugs treatment on the dopamine D3 receptors in the islands of Calleja and in the shell of the nucleus accumbens septi, which are brain regions with highly selective expression of dopamine D3 receptors.
(4) The islands of Calleja adjoining the ventral pallidal extensions in the olfactory tubercle exhibited a strong alpha1-subunit immunoreactivity in the neuropil as well as somata single- or double-labeled for both markers.
In the mouse, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit, specific [ 3H]PD 128907 binding was heterogeneously distributed with highest densities observed in the islands of Calleja, followed by the nucleus accumbens.
The D3 dopamine receptor, a D2-like receptor, is selectively expressed in the ventral striatum, particularly in the shell of nucleus accumbens and islands of Calleja, where it is found in medium sized substance P neurons. In agreement with the opposite cAMP response, they mediate in cultured neuroblastoma cells, the D1 and D3 receptors exerted opposite influences on c-fos expression in islands of Calleja.
EEDQ reduced [ 3H]nemonapride (D2-like receptors) binding in Acc (by 84%) and islands of Calleja (IC; 44%), without affecting [ 3H](+)-7-OH-DPAT (D3); N-chloroethyl-7-OH-DPATs blocked both radioligands in Acc and IC (30%-70%); fluphenazine had no effect..
However, it is possible to study selectively D3 receptor function because some brain structures, such as the islands of Calleja, contain D3 and not D2 receptors.
The islands of Calleja (CJI) displaying a strongly TH-immunoreactive centre and a periphery of lower staining intensity, showed only a low number of TH-immunoreactive fibres co-expressing CR or CALB. Axons in the matrix of CP and the accumbal core as well as in the islands of Calleja single-labelled by the TH-immunoreactivity or additionally containing CALB and CR may originate from neurons in the dorsal tier of mesencephalic nuclei like SN, pars compacta and ventral tegmental area.
cGMP-immunostaining in the islands of Calleja (ICj) in slices incubated in vitro partially co-localized with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inside the ICj.
Clustering of intensely positive neurons was observed in discrete areas including the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, the islands of Calleja, the amygdala, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, several hypothalamic nuclei, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure, the superior and inferior colliculi, the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, the nucleus of the trapezoid body, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the cerebellum.
Intense mGluR7a-LI was seen in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, anterior olfactory nucleus, islands of Calleja, superficial layers of the olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and entorhinal cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, amygdalohippocampal area, hippocampus, layer I of the neocortical regions, globus pallidus, superficial layers of the superior colliculus, locus coeruleus, and superficial layers of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns. It was intense in the islands of Calleja, substantia innominata, hippocampus, ventral pallidum, and globus pallidus.
Cholinergic interneurons of the olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja, and the major intrinsic cholinergic innervation of striatum were fully characterized at the light microscopic level with vesicular acetylcholine transporter immunohistochemistry.
In contrast, Bcl-2 immunostaining did not change with age in the subventricular zone and olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja of which were markedly enriched with Bcl-2.
In autoradiographic studies, highest densities of [ 3H]PD 128907-labeled sites were observed in islands of Calleja followed by the nucleus accumbens, nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, the molecular layer of cerebellar lobule X, and the ventral caudate/putamen..
Using patch-clamp techniques, we have studied actions of dopamine and related compounds on granule neurones within the islands of Calleja in vitro, in slices if approximately 200 microns thickness or as groups of varying cell number following enzymic digestion. Given the reported lack of D2 receptors in the islands of Calleja, these findings indicate a direct action of dopamine at the D3 receptor. The reported presence of gap junctions in the islands of Calleja offers the explanation that these effects derive from enhanced activity of such channels or their hemi-constituents.
Expression of both transcripts was highest in ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens and other terminal fields of the mesolimbic system, such as the olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja.
Considerable attention has been given to the association of the D3 dopamine receptor subtype and limbic function based on the abundant localization of D3 receptor sites and mRNA expression in the islands of Calleja and nucleus accumbens in experimental animals. As expected, the most abundant D3 mRNA expression levels were found in the islands of Calleja and discrete cell cluster populations within the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens region.
In separate mapping studies, the antibody was found to stain cell bodies and fibres in all of the regions of the nervous system known to be cholinergic, including (i) the various nuclei of the basal nuclear complex and their projections to the hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex, (ii) the caudate-putamen nucleus, accumbens nucleus, olfactory tubercle, and islands of Calleja complex, (iii) the medial habenula, (iv) the mesopontine cholinergic complex and its projections to the thalamus, extrapyramidal motor nuclei, basal forebrain, cingulate cortex, raphe and reticular nuclei, and some cranial nerve nuclei, and (v) the somatic motor and autonomic nuclei of the cranial and spinal nerves.
Systemic injections of the selective, full, D1 agonists A-77636 and SKF-82958 induced pronounced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the islands of Calleja in the olfactory tubercle of intact rats. SCH-23390 was also able to prevent the atypical neuroleptic clozapine (30 mg/kg) from inducing Fos expression in the islands of Calleja. These findings demonstrate that stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors plays an essential role in neuroleptic induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the islands of Calleja, but not in the dorsal striatum, and thus suggest that different mechanisms underlie neuroleptic stimulation of immediate early gene expression in these two structures..
In situ hybridization of mouse brain showed RGS4 mRNA mainly in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, islands of Calleja, substantia nigra, amygdala, the granular layer of cerebellum, middle cerebellar peduncle, and perifacial zone.
D3-selective binding of [ 3H]R (+)-7-OH-DPAT was not changed with any treatment or region including islands of Calleja.
However, the olfactory bulb, the anterior olfactory nucleus, the islands of Calleja, the CA1-CA3 fields of the hippocampus, the septohippocampal nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, the basal and cortical amygdaloid nuclei, the entopeduncular nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, the superior colliculus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the dentate nucleus, the raphes linearis and pontis, the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the medial vestibular nucleus, the inferior olive, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve also contained preprodynorphin messenger RNA-synthesizing perikarya.
Specifically, like clozapine and nemonapride, YM-43611 significantly increased the number of immunoreactive cells in the nucleus accumbens shell and islands of Calleja. The present findings demonstrate that in comparison with three other drugs, YM-43611 has restricted effects on c-fos expression in the rat forebrain and is active primarily in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens and the islands of Calleja.
Saturable PP binding was identified in the hypothalamus (arcuate and paraventricular n), the rostral forebrain (medial preoptic area, anterior olfactory nucleus, islands of Calleja, the dorsal endopiriform n, piriform cortex, and the bed n of the stria terminalis), medial amygdaloid n; the thalamus (anteromedial thal.
Rats were implanted with electrodes into the medial forebrain bundle and cannulae into either one of the following structures: the nucleus accumbens, the vicinity of the islands of Calleja, or the ventral tegmental area, all ipsilateral to the electrodes.
GluR5 had a restricted distribution pattern, with high expression in the ventral pallidum, the islands of Calleja and pars compacta of the substantia nigra.
Appreciable D3 labeling appeared in the islands of Calleja at P14 and in the nucleus accumbens at P21.
In all forebrain regions examined, with the exception of the islands of Calleja, the cellular expression of enkephalin messenger RNA and substance P messenger RNA was discordant; the two neuropeptide messenger RNAs were detected essentially in different cells, although in the striatum and nucleus accumbens occasional isolated cells were detected which contained both hybridization signals; dense clusters of silver grains overlay alkaline phosphatase-positive cells, demonstrating clearly that these dual-labelled cells expressed both messenger RNAs.
Using in situ hybridization with 35S-labeled riboprobes directed against the third intracellular loop, alpha 2C messenger RNA expression appeared in an adult-like pattern during the first and second postnatal weeks, in the anterior olfactory nucleus, caudate-putamen, olfactory tubercles, islands of Calleja and hippocampus, following the time-course of maturation of these structures. The highest numbers of binding sites were detected in the olfactory tubercles and islands of Calleja, and moderate numbers in the anterior olfactory nucleus, caudate-putamen and hippocampus.
Acute clozapine treatment increased the level of c-fos mRNA in the nucleus accumbens shell and islands of Calleja. After chronic treatment with clozapine the level of c-fos mRNA remained elevated in the islands of Calleja but not in the nucleus accumbens shell.
Stimulation of the VTA resulted in increased levels of c-Fos immunostaining in several target regions of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system (such as the frontal cortex, olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja and amygdala), with the notable exception of the nucleus accumbens.
Haloperidol decreased D3 receptor expression in limbic areas, with the exception of the islands of Calleja where an increase occurred. Sulpiride and clozapine increased D3 receptor expression in limbic and striatal regions but decreased D3 receptor expression in the islands of Calleja.
The islands of Calleja, the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields, dentate gyrus, cortical layers I-II, the superficial gray layer of superior colliculus and the granule layer of cerebellum displayed intermediate binding.
Preincubation of the brain sections was necessary to obtain binding of the radioligand in the islands of Calleja and in the nucleus accumbens, but not in cerebellar lobules 9/10 of the rat. For the new antipsychotic risperidone, in vivo occupancy of D3 receptors was measured both in the islands of Calleja and in the cerebellar lobules 9/10. This compound was three times less potent for the occupancy of D3 receptors in the islands of Calleja than in the cerebellum, an area lacking endogenous dopamine (ED50 = 28 and 10 mg kg-1, respectively).
Thus, the highest levels of immunostaining were observed in the islands of Calleja, diagonal band of Broca, magnocellular preoptic nucleus, pre- and parasubiculum, suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, pontine nuclei and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, all of which had previously been documented to contain high densities of neurotensin binding sites.
Furthermore, c-fos hybridization was visible in the amygdala, in the mammillary bodies, the islands of Calleja and in the olfactory tubercle.
The highest and earliest expression of D3 receptors was observed in the islands of Calleja and olfactory tubercle, where [ 3H]7-OH-DPAT binding was already present at birth.
In vitro autoradiography of rat brain sections exhibited elevated labeling in striatum, major islands of Calleja, and olfactory tubercle regions, where dopamine neurons are known to be concentrated.
High densities of immunoreactivity were seen within the caudate-putamen, amygdaloid complex, cortical areas, substantia nigra, ventral pallidum, islands of Calleja, septal nuclei, interpeduncular nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus and olfactory nuclei.
The highest level of D3 messenger RNA was detected in the islands of Calleja and the nucleus accumbens.
Prior treatment of animals with p-chloroamphetamine two weeks before a second challenge with the same drug, or with the serotonin2A/2C receptor antagonist ritanserin 30 min before p-chloroamphetamine challenge, resulted in an attenuation of p-chloroamphetamine-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja and the caudate-putamen.
We observed that the levels of DA D3 receptors, as measured by tritiated 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-amino-tetralin ([ 3H]7-OH-DPAT) binding, are markedly reduced at PD62 in the limbic areas of lesioned rats compared with sham controls particularly in the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercles, and islands of Calleja.
These studies revealed highest density of binding sites in cerebellum, anterior olfactory nucleus, islands of Calleja and substantia nigra with appreciable binding site densities in inferior colliculus, superior colliculus, olfactory tubercle and dorsal tegmental nucleus.
Apoptotic nuclei were also detected in the horizontal limb diagonal band, accumbens nucleus and islands of Calleja.
Very high levels of specific [ 3H]7-OH-DPAT binding were detected in the islands of Calleja and nucleus accumbens but in addition high levels of binding were detected in rostral caudate nucleus and putamen.
Y1/[ 125I][ Leu31,Pro34]PYY sites are especially concentrated in superficial layers of the cortex, the olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, tenia tecta, molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, several thalamic nuclei, and the posterior part of the medial mammaliary nucleus.
In adult brain, high densities of binding sites were found in the limbic system (islands of Calleja, olfactory tubercle, fundus striati, ventral pallidum, septum, hippocampus and amygdala) and in the striato-nigro-tectal pathway.
Autoradiograms showed restricted distribution of [ 3H]7-OH-DPAT binding sites, with very high levels on the islands of Calleja (ICj), olfactory tubercle (Tu) and nucleus accumbens, while low but distinct labeling was observed in the molecular layer of lobule 10 of the cerebellum and caudate putamen (CPu).
Brain regions containing Fos-positive neurons in rats treated with hydralazine included nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, caudal ventrolateral medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, subfornical organ and the islands of Calleja.
Using patch-clamp techniques, we have studied granule neurones from the islands of Calleja in vitro: as isolated cells or as groups of varying numbers following enzymic digestion, or within untreated slices of approximately 100 microns thickness. These results indicate that the granule cells of the islands of Calleja are excitable and contain a number of additional regulatory conductances. The implications of these findings in, and the usefulness of this preparation to, the elucidation of the function(s) of the islands of Calleja are discussed..
Binding in D2 containing regions, such as the caudate-putamen, was completely inhibited by guanylyl-imidodiphosphate although binding in D3 containing areas, such as the islands of Calleja, was unaffected.
These regions included the islands of Calleja (p < or = 0.03), the medial amygdaloid nucleus, posterodorsal division (p < or = 0.05), median eminence (p < or = 0.02), medial habenular nucleus (p < or = 0.05), rhomboid thalamic nucleus (p < or = 0.05), and paraventricular (p < or = 0.05) and intermediodorsal (p < or = 0.02) thalamic nuclei.
Controlled hemorrhage and infusion of the hypotensive agent nitroprusside or hydralazine induced the appearance of Fos-immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in several prominent groups of central neurons: the piriform cortex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, islands of Calleja, subfornical organ, central nucleus of the amygdala, parabrachial nucleus, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, pontine A5, locus ceruleus, ventrolateral medulla, the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, and intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord.
In the islands of Calleja, both D3 receptor binding and messenger RNA were abundant in the entire population of granule cells.
Particularly high levels of expression were observed for c-Jun in medullary motoneurons, medial geniculate ncl., arcuate ncl., and dentate gyrus, and for JunB in the CA-1 area of the hippocampus and islands of Calleja.
Digital subtraction autoradiography showed the highest levels of D3 binding in the islands of Calleja as well as in the core and shell regions of the nucleus accumbens.
[ 3H]L-NG-nitro-arginine specific binding was seen in a number of brain regions with the highest levels in the accessory olfactory bulb, the amygdaloid complex, the islands of Calleja and the cerebellum.
Binding of [ 125I]epidepride to D3-like receptors was negligible in the dorsal striatum but was concentrated in islands of dense binding in the nucleus accumbens and ventral putamen that aligned with acetylcholinesterase-poor striosomes. Binding to D3-like receptors was also enriched in the internal globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, septum, islands of Calleja, nucleus basalis, amygdalostriatal transition nucleus of the amygdala, central nucleus of the amygdala, and ventral tegmental area.
Recent experiments in this laboratory have investigated the distribution of the nuclear protein Fos in the rat brain after unilateral electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve and have revealed intense ipsilateral straining in the islands of Calleja. To test the hypothesis that the islands of Calleja may have a role in cardiovascular control, we tested the effect on arterial pressure and heart rate of microinjection of L-glutamate into the islands of Calleja of the artificially ventilated, urethane anesthetized rat. Microinjection of glutamate into the islands of Calleja resulted in a decrease in arterial pressure (24.5 +/- 1.5 mmHg) and heart rate (16.6 +/- 1.6 bpm). These results are the first demonstration that the islands of Calleja are involved in mediating cardiovascular reflexes primarily through an influence on sympathetic outflow to the heart and vessels. To determine the effects of increases or decreases of arterial pressure on single unit activity in the islands of Calleja, responses of single units in the islands to i.v. Of 87 units recorded from in the islands of Calleja, 40 (46%) responded to phenylephrine and 27 (68%) decreased their firing frequency. In addition, in 11 (31%) of 35 units recorded from in the islands, glutamate microinjection in the nucleus tractus solitarius decreased the firing frequency in 9 (82%) units..
The pharmacological properties of [ 3H]7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2- aminotetralin ([ 3H]7-OH-DPAT) binding sites in the islands of Calleja of the rat were studied using quantitative receptor autoradiography. These results indicate that the pharmacological profile of dopamine D3 receptors in the islands of Calleja of the rat resembles that obtained from cell lines or membrane preparations..
In the telencephalon, immunoreactive structures were distributed in all areas of the cerebral cortex, the ventral endopiriform nucleus and claustrum, the main and accessory olfactory bulb, the anterior and posterior olfactory nuclei, the precommisural hippocampus, the taenia tecta, the nucleus accumbens, the stria terminalis, the caudate putamen, the olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja, septum, globus pallidus and substantia innominata, hippocampus and amygdala.
Specific hybridization to the vasopressin V1aR mRNA was evident in cells of the frontal cortex, piriform cortex, internal granular layer and the medial, dorsal, ventral and lateral portion of the anterior olfactory nucleus, zona limitans of the islands of Calleja, suprachiasmatic nucleus, CA1, CA2, CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, and the molecular and granular cell layers of the cerebellum.
We have used dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry to study the anatomical relationships between the islands of Calleja (ICs), ventral striatum (VS) and ventral pallidum (VP), and the perforating branches of the anterior communicating and anterior cerebral arteries traversing the olfactory tubercle.
Significant binding was also found in remaining neocortical layers, islands of Calleja, caudate putamen, olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, and choroid plexus.
The discrete localization of D3 receptors in the nucleus accumbens and subjacent islands of Calleja bears a close resemblance to the dopamine-sensitive anticonvulsant site in the anteroventral striatum. RU 24213, LY 171555 and 7-OH-DPAT were all modestly anticonvulsant when microinjected into the islands of Calleja at D2/D3 unselective doses.
In the forebrain, NT3-IR was detected in a number of neuronal cells, including pyramidal cells in the fifth layer of the cerebral cortices, subpopulations of neurons in the septal nuclei, diagonal bands of Broca, olfactory primary cortex, amygdala and islands of Calleja.
Differential induction of IEGs by HAL and CLOZ was also observed in the lateral septal nucleus and the islands of Calleja complex of the rat brain. Specifically, CLOZ induces FRAs in the islands of Calleja and lateral septum and this action may be involved in its therapeutic effects on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas HAL produces a coordinate induction of Fos and JunB in striatal neurons and this dimer combination may be involved in producing the extrapyramidal side-effects of typical neuroleptics..
In other non-cholinergic regions, high NOS mRNA expression was observed in the islands of Calleja, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, several amygdaloid nuclei, regions related to the optic tract, the interpeduncular nucleus, and the supramammillary nucleus.
Moderate mRNA levels were observed in dentate gyrus, cerebral cortex, medial thalamic nuclei, and brainstem, whereas negligible mRNA was detectable in the globus pallidus, islands of Calleja, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area.
In the adult, high densities of [ 3H]GR113808 binding sites are present in various regions belonging to limbic system (islands of Calleja, olfactory tubercle, fundus striati, ventral pallidum, septal region, hippocampus, amygdala), or known to be components of different pathways, such as the hippocampo-habenulo-interpeduncular and the striato-nigro-tectal pathways.
High levels of SSTR-3 hybridization were found in the olfactory bulb, primary olfactory cortex, islands of Calleja, medial habenula, amygdala, granular layer of the dentate gyrus, various thalamic and pontine nuclei and in the granular and Purkinje cell layers of the cerebellum.
Specific vasopressin binding was detected in various brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, islands of Calleja, pallidum, amygdala and the hippocampus as well as in the pituitary gland.
shell of nucleus accumbens, islands of Calleja, and a considerably higher affinity for dopamine.
Other regions of the basal forebrain exhibiting high levels of immunoreactivity were the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, islands of Calleja, fundus striatum and endopyriform nucleus.
The highest densities of [ 3H]quinpirole binding were found in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, islands of Calleja, and olfactory tubercle which is consistent with the distribution of dopamine receptors seen with "classical D-2" receptor agonist and antagonist radioligands. In the presence of 10 microM Gpp(NH)p, binding was reduced in all these areas with the exception of the islands of Calleja.
Metabolic activity was reduced during withdrawal in the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja region, basolateral and central amygdaloid nuclei, medial septum, piriform and cingulate cortices, rostral caudatoputamen, entopeduncular nucleus and the adjacent lateral hypothalamus, somatosensory, auditory, and motor cortices compared to the naive state.
For instance, mGluR1 occurs in the apparent absence of IP3R in neurons of the stratum oriens of the CA1 hippocampus, islands of Calleja, anterodorsal nucleus of thalamus, lateral nucleus of hypothalamus, and the granular cell layer and the deep nuclei of cerebellum.
Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, we demonstrate that D3 mRNAs are enriched in human n, accumbens and in the islands of Calleja. In receptor autoradiographic binding studies, the islands of Calleja were found to be labeled by [ 125I]iodosulpride and [ 3H]CV 205 502 but not by [ 3H]raclopride and [ 3H]YM 09151-2.
Apomorphine also induced the expression of FRA-IR within the nucleus accumbens, cortex, septum, and the islands of Calleja complex.
Furin mRNA was ubiquitously distributed and detected both in neurons and non-neuronal tissue throughout the brain with a higher abundance in ependyma, the circumventricular organs, the islands of Calleja, hippocampus, and allocortex.
Alpha-2C mRNA labeling was primarily observed in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, islands of Calleja, striatum, hippocampal formation, cerebellar cortex, and dorsal root ganglia.
[ 3H]Quinpirole binding was decreased in the presence of guanine nucleotides in most brain regions except in the islands of Calleja and the molecular layer of cerebellar lobules 9 and 10. The regional distribution of [ 3H]quinpirole binding sites roughly paralleled the distribution of [ 3H]-(-)-sulpiride binding sites, with greatest densities present in the olfactory bulb glomerular layer, islands of Calleja, pituitary intermediate lobe, caudate/putamen, olfactory tubercles and nucleus accumbens. However, significantly greater densities of [ 3H]quinpirole binding than [ 3H]-(-)-sulpiride binding were observed in the molecular layer of cerebellar lobules 9 and 10, the islands of Calleja and olfactory bulb glomerular layer in concordance with the recently reported distribution of D3 receptor mRNA in these brain regions.
Regions enriched with D3 messenger RNA (mRNA) included the islands of Calleja (ioC) and nucleus accumbens. In contrast, no D2 transcripts were observed in the islands of Calleja, but there were high levels in the nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen (CP) and pyramidal layer of the olfactory tubercle. A comparison of the binding pattern of six dopamine receptor radioligands hitherto regarded as D2 receptor-selective showed that the islands of Calleja were intensely labelled by [ 125I]iodosulpride, [ 3H]CV 205 502 and [ 3H]SDZ 205 501, while the binding of [ 3H]spiperone, [ 3H]raclopride and [ 3H]YM 09151-2 was much lower or undetectable. Pharmacological analysis of the binding of D2/D3 ligands to the islands of Calleja and caudate-putamen suggests that binding sites in these two regions are of different pharmacology, consistent with the presence of D3 sites in the islands of Calleja and the predominance of D2 sites in the caudate.
Interestingly, higher levels of furin were expressed in selective regions which include the ventricles (the choroid plexus and ependymal cells), the islands of Calleja, the hippocampus and the pineal gland.
[ 125I]Iodoglyburide presented a more uniform binding with the highest levels in the globus pallidus, islands of Calleja, anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus and zonas reticulata of the substantia nigra.
In the forebrain labelled nuclei were observed in the peri- and paraventricular hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, subfornical organ, preoptic area, central nucleus of the amygdala, median preoptic area, horizontal limb of the diagonal band, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and islands of Calleja.
Following a unilateral microinjection of excitatory amino acids, kainate, or quinolinate to the anterior olfactory nucleus/ventral striatal region, an increase in histochemical iron concentration was observed in the ipsilateral ventral pallidum, the islands of Calleja, the globus pallidus, the entopeduncular nucleus, the ventral thalamus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
Telencephalic neurons demonstrating the mRNA for choline-O-acetyltransferase and choline-O-acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity were found in the caudate-putamen nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercule, islands of Calleja complex, medial septal nucleus, vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, nucleus basalis, and nucleus of the ansa lenticularis, as well as occasionally in the amygdala.
After 1 h of urethane anesthesia, low levels of FLI were found in the following areas: nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS); caudal and rostral ventrolateral medulla (VLM); lateral PBN; ventromedial, paraventricular, and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus; medial preoptic area; central nucleus of the amygdala (ACE); endopiriform cortex; insular cortex; piriform cortex; and islands of Calleja. Electrical stimulation of the PBN (10 sec on, 10 sec off; 15-50 microA at 20 Hz for 60-90 min) in rats anesthetized with urethane led to increases in mean arterial pressure (10-30 mm Hg) and to ipsilateral increases of FLI in the lateral PBN, dorsal division of SON, ACE, endopiriform nucleus, insular cortex, piriform cortex, and islands of Calleja.
Sites were present in the endopiriform nucleus, the cingulate cortex, the islands of Calleja, the lateral septum, the dorsal hippocampus and the amygdala.
A high density of D3 receptors was noticed in the islands of Calleja.
Moderately labeled neurons were seen in high density in the dentate gyrus, striatum, islands of Calleja, superficial layers of the retrosplenial, cingulate and entorhinal cortices, mammillary nuclei, red nucleus, and superior colliculus.
In the rat brain dopamine D3 mRNA was mainly detected in the islands of Calleja and at lower levels in the anterior nucleus accumbens, the medial mammillary nucleus as well as in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
High densities of binding could be found in caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja. When the labelling was done in the presence of 10 microM guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate to convert the dopamine D2 receptor to a 'low affinity agonist conformation', binding was inhibited in most brain regions with the notable exception of the islands of Calleja which retained most of the [ 3H]quinpirole binding.
Regions where the presence of [ 3H]oxotremorine-M binding sites was not correlated with that of m2 mRNA are the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja.
Telencephalic neurons containing the mRNA for the cholinergic synthetic enzyme were found in the caudate-putamen nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercule, islands of Calleja complex, medial septal nucleus, vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, nucleus basalis, and nucleus of the ansa lenticularis.
Although regional nuances were apparent, a general trend emerged in which cholinergic projection neurons in the basal nuclear complex (i.e., medial septal nucleus, vertical and horizontal diagonal band nuclei, magnocellular preoptic field, substantia innominata, nucleus basalis, and nucleus of the ansa lenticularis) demonstrated ChAT-like immunoreactivity earlier in postnatal development than intrinsically organized cholinergic cells in the caudate-putamen nucleus and nucleus accumbens, although this disparity was less apparent for local circuit neurons in the olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja complex.
accumbens nucleus, islands of Calleja, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and other limbic areas such as the hippocampus and the mammillary nuclei.
The m4-receptor was enriched in neostriatum, olfactory tubercle, and islands of Calleja, indicating an important role in extrapyramidal function.
In the telencephalon of 20-day-old rats injected with colchicine, the most intense immunoreactive neurons were observed in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, tenia tecta, hippocampus, islands of Calleja, septal nuclei, striatum, endopyriform nucleus and amygdala.
In the rat brain, cells containing D1 receptor mRNA were enriched in caudate-putamen and accumbens nuclei, olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, some cortical areas and in several thalamic nuclei.
in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, islands of Calleja, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum.
Connexin32 mRNA was detected in discrete cell groups of the gray matter that appeared to be neurons, including cells in layer 2 of the neocortex, layer II of the piriform cortex, pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus, granule and polymorphic cell layers of the dentate gyrus, islands of Calleja, olfactory tubercle, lateral thalamic nuclei, lateral habenula, and Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex.
The substantia nigra pars compacta, the islands of Calleja and layers II, III, V and VI of the cerebral cortex had moderate levels of benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity.
Postnatal changes in carbonic anhydrase activity were investigated in the islands of Calleja, which have been previously reported to contain the enzyme. Results obtained with a new modified method of Hansson provided further evidence for the distinction between the medial and lateral islands of Calleja. No large neurons of the islands displayed carbonic anhydrase reactivity. The time course and rate of increase of carbonic anhydrase expression were different in the giant island of Calleja and lateral islands and this finding may strengthen the hypothesis regarding the medio-lateral diversity of Calleja's islands.
High densities of [ 125I]DOI labeling were present in olfactory bulb, anterior regions of cerebral cortex (layer IV), claustrum, caudate putamen, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, islands of Calleja, mammillary nuclei and inferior olive.
The projection of neurons in the septal nuclei and the insula magna of the islands of Callaja (IC) was explored together with their response to stimulation of the fornix.
High 125I-neurotensin binding densities were observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, islands of Calleja, claustrum, olfactory tubercle, and central nucleus of the amygdala; lower levels were seen in the caudate, putamen, medial septum, diagonal band nucleus, and nucleus basalis of Meynert. At higher magnification, 125I-neurotensin-labeled binding sites in the islands of Calleja, supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, medial septum, diagonal band nucleus, and nucleus basalis of Meynert were selectively associated with neuronal perikarya found to be cholinesterase-positive in adjacent sections.
The highest density of immunoreactivity was seen in the olfactory bulb, septohippocampal nucleus, indusium griseum, islands of Calleja, intermediate part of the lateral septal nucleus, and Ammon's horn.
Castration and inhibition of aromatase activity reduced, whereas estradiol and testosterone increased oxytocin binding, particularly in regions of the brain assumed to be involved in reproductive functions, such as the ventrolateral part of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and the islands of Calleja and neighbouring cell groups.
Gemini-projecting cells were not found in the olfactory tubercle proper, including the islands of Calleja complexes, or in the ventral pallidal areas located dorsal to the medial forebrain bundle area underneath the lateral extension of the anterior commissure.
A large group of strongly immunoreactive cells was identified in the ventral pallidum, which extends caudally from the area surrounding the islands of Calleja.
Brain regions containing many labeled neurons include the anterior olfactory nucleus, layer II of the olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja, the nucleus accumbens, the caudate-putamen, portions of the amygdala and hypothalamus, the medial habenular nucleus, nuclei of the pontine tegmentum, several raphe nuclei, several portions of the reticular formation, and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
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