This study aimed to investigate the immediate early gene (IEG) expression in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) following unilateral optic nerve (ON) crush in adult rats with or without contralateral blockade of retinal input, and its indication. 
Here we show, by recording neurons in attending macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta), that attention modulates visual signals before they even reach cortex by increasing responses of both magnocellular and parvocellular neurons in the first relay between retina and cortex, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
Double fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed coexpression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs at P7 in the somatosensory thalamic nuclei and later in the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
We also found a significant decrease in the size of the lateral geniculate nucleus in bilaterally enucleated animals.
The purpose of this study, on mice, was to determine whether memantine, a glutamate-receptor antagonist of the N-methyl-(d)-aspartate (NMDA) subtype, protects against neuronal degeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus (SC) after the induction of retinal damage by intravitreal injection of NMDA.
The primary pathway for visual signals from the retina to cerebral cortex is through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to primary visual cortex.
Here we investigate the correlation between the expression of T-channel coding genes (alpha1G, -H, -I), T-type Ca(2+) current, and the T-current-dependent low threshold Ca(2+) spike in three functionally distinct thalamic nuclei (lateral geniculate nucleus; centrolateral nucleus; reticular nucleus) in a rat model of absence epilepsy, the WAG/Rij rats, and a non-epileptic control strain, the ACI rats. The lateral geniculate nucleus and centrolateral nucleus were found to primarily express alpha1G and alpha1I, while the reticular thalamic nucleus expressed alpha1H and alpha1I.
We find that tOFF-alphaRGCs project exclusively to the superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and are restricted to a specific laminar depth within each of these targets.
Abbreviations: LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus), RGC (retinal ganglion cell), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)..
Cone pedicles were labeled with peanut agglutinin, OFF midget bipolar cells were labeled with antibodies against CD15, and midget ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled from the lateral geniculate nucleus and subsequently photofilled.
This study aimed to characterize changes of gene expression profiles in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) associated with amblyopia induced by monocular visual deprivation.
Although the possible role of these projections remains unknown, they may provide a modulation of the cholinergic parabrachial neurons which project to the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus..
The contralateral projections in the lateral geniculate nucleus are expanded postnatally.
Here, we investigate if the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the visual relay nucleus of the thalamus, has structural changes in schizophrenia.
Retinal ganglion cells were labeled by photofilling following injections of retrograde tracer in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), or by intracellular injection with neurobiotin.
Here, we examine the role of BMP and a potential downstream effector, EphB, in retinotopic map formation in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC).
In this study, we applied the paired-visual-stimulus paradigm to simultaneously measure the BOLD amplitude modulations as a function of ISI in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and primary visual cortex (V1) in the cat brain.
To understand the nonlinear masking effect, we model the response of Macaque V1 simple cells in layer 4Calpha to input from magnocellular lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells.
The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) starts more rostrally and occupies a large part of the lateral wall of the thalamus.
In recent years, attention has shifted to understanding the mechanisms by which spontaneous activity in the developing retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex instruct the axonal and dendritic refinements that give rise to orderly connections in the visual system.
During early postnatal life when spontaneous activity of retinal ganglion cells sweeps across the retina in waves, retinal projections from the two eyes to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) segregate to form non-overlapping eye-specific domains.
During the first 2 weeks of postnatal development, numerous GATA3-expressing cells were found in the intergeniculate leaf, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nucleus, nucleus of the posterior commissure, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, periaqueductal grey, substantia nigra and raphe nuclei.
The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) not only serves as the obligatory pathway for visual information transfer from the retina to neocortex but can also generate intrathalamic rhythmic activities associated with different arousal states and certain pathological conditions.
We compared the visual response latency of different cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in morphine (10 mg/mL)- and saline-treated cats.
In primates, the IGL is included as part of the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN), a cell group located mediodorsally to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
An ideal testbed for such models is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
By combining electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and computer modeling techniques, we examined the effects of halothane on the standing outward current (I (SO)) and the hyperpolarization-activated current (I (h)) in rat thalamocortical relay (TC) neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN).
Using diffusion-weighted MRI, we show that both controls and blindsight subject GY, whose left V1 is destroyed, show an ipsilateral pathway between LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) and human motion area MT+/V5 (bypassing V1).
We used spike-triggered current source-density analysis to examine axonal and postsynaptic currents generated in the visual cortex of awake rabbits by spontaneous spikes of individual sustained and transient dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) neurons.
(2) Neurogenesis in the nucleus rotundus (Rot) and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (GLd) occurred from S11-12 to S15.
In the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque, we recorded from neurons with substantial input from S-cones and found that, on several important dimensions, the properties of neurons that receive inhibitory input from S-cones ("S-") are quite unlike those of neurons that receive excitatory input from S-cones ("S+").
We measured functional input from short-wavelength selective (S) cones to neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and striate cortex (area V1) in anaesthetized marmosets.
Most importantly, in dogs, gene transfer also occurred distal to the injection site in neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the brain.
We investigated the distribution pattern of SMI-32-immunopositive cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and in the primary (V1) and middle temporal (MT) cortical visual areas of the adult New World monkey Cebus apella.
Although several studies using this model have focused on changes in visual field, retinal ganglion cells (RGC), and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), clear relationships among these changes in one and the same monkey have not been established.
in the superior colliculus, the suprageniculate nucleus and the anterior ectosylvian cortex, but differ strongly from those of the primary visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Theta-burst stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus of urethane-anesthetized rats resulted in potentiation of the field postsynaptic potential recorded in the superficial layers of V1.
The site of integration of cortical signals in relation to the PLR into the pupillomotor pathway may be located suprageniculately in the vicinity of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
PURPOSE: The present study was undertaken to investigate the changes of visual evoked potential (VEP) induced by lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) kindling in comparison with those induced by amygdala (AMG) and hippocampus (HPC) kindling in rats.
The resulting peroxynitrat (ONOO(-)) diffuses within the axons towards the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus and induces apoptosis..
Choleratoxin was injected into the left and right eye to visualize the retinal innervation pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (GLd).
We examined the synaptic targets of large non-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic profiles that contain round vesicles and dark mitochondria (RLD profiles) in the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN).
Intense Atrn expression was also observed in the neuropil of gray matter in many regions of the CNS, such as the main and accessory olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, medial eminence, superior colliculus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and layers 1 and 2 of the spinal cord.
In particular, we demonstrate these concepts using data from cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), thereby extending previous analysis demonstrating that distinguishes between bursts of spikes and single spikes providing visual information..
Ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled by dye injection into parvocellular or magnocellular regions of the lateral geniculate nucleus and subsequently photo-filled.
The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), the pretectal nuclear complex (PNC) and the superior colliculus (SC) are structures that all receive retinal input.
We found the connections normally described in the ZRDCT/An mouse between: (i) the inferior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, (ii) V1 and the superior colliculus, (iii) the lateral posterior nucleus and V1 and between (iv) the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate nucleus.
Axons of retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve and innervate areas of the brain important for visual processing, including the lateral geniculate nucleus, the superior colliculus, and the pretectal nucleus.
Inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) process visual information by precisely controlling spike timing and by refining the receptive fields of thalamocortical (TC) neurons.
SPIG1-positive RGCs in the dorsotemporal domain project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), superior colliculus, and accessory optic system (AOS).
The timing of the retinal input to the lateral geniculate nucleus is highly modified in lagged cells.
Tracts were generated from a seed mask placed in the white matter lateral to the lateral geniculate nucleus and mean FA values of these tracts were determined.
Distribution of enzyme cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity was studied in a continuous series of parasagittal sections of cortical area 17 and frontal sections of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) in kittens of different age and adult cats.
Glaucomatous degeneration has been observed in retrobulbar and intracranial optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex of the brain.
According to histologic and circadian data, a subset of intrinsically photoresponsive retinal ganglion cells, expressing melanopsin and cryptochromes, entrain the endogenous circadian system via transduction of photic input to the thalamus, projecting either to the suprachiasmatic nucleus or the lateral geniculate nucleus.
In addition to the classical, center/surround receptive field of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), there is an extraclassical, nonlinear surround that can strongly suppress LGN responses.
This study examines the temporal properties of geniculocortical and corticogeniculate (CG) pathways that link the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and primary visual cortex in the ferret.
METHODS: Macaque retinal ganglion cells were labeled with retrograde transport of rhodamine dextran injected into the lateral geniculate nucleus.
In contrast to the cortical field potentials, thalamic LFPs (e.g., LFPs derived from recordings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus) hold no useful information for predicting spiking activity..
The primary region of damage is thought to be the optic nerve head (ONH), with the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and optic radiations to the visual cortex being secondarily affected.
The topography of labeled cells and terminals was analyzed following iontophoretic injections of tracers into the primary visual cortex (V1) or the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd).
The structure of perceptual spaces reconstructed on the basis of phasic responses of neurons in the colliculus superior was similar to the spaces of neurons in the primary visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus.
Based on the generally accepted view of cortical wiring, this formulation is applied to the retinal ganglion cell (RGC)/lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay cell system, of the early mammalian visual system.
Double fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed coexpression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs at P7 in the somatosensory thalamic nuclei and later in the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
These regions include the arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and tuberomammillary nucleus.
This report is based on an ongoing study to examine gene expression differences in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
A compressive nonlinearity at high contrast is also found for early visual pathway neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
We observed, in mutant mice, immunolabeled nuclei in the visual thalamus - the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus - in the primary visual area (V1) and a few labeled nuclei in the secondary visual area (V2).
Similarly, MD had no effect on occ1/Frp mRNA expression level in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice.
To further test this hypothesis, we compared the strength of orientation and spatial phase selectivity of surround suppression, and the spatial extent of the extraclassical receptive field (ECRF) between the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and V1 neurons of anesthetized cats.
We used rat thalamic brain slices and whole cell recordings from relay cells in various first order (the lateral geniculate nucleus, the ventral posterior nucleus, and the ventral portion of the medial geniculate body) and higher order (the lateral posterior, the posterior medial nucleus, and the dorsal portion of the medial geniculate body) relays to explore their responses to activation of muscarinic receptors.
The retina contains many levels of neurons (bipolar, amacrine, horizontal and ganglion cells) accurately organized from cones and rods to the optic nerve up till the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) which is the main thalamic relay for inputs to the visual cortex.
Based on the measured properties of these cells, we speculate that they correspond to the smooth/large radiate cells recently identified morphologically in the primate retina and may therefore provide visual input to both the lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus.
There is a transformation in behavior in the visual system of cats and primates, from neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) that are not tuned for orientation to orientation-tuned cells in primary visual cortex (V1).
Our findings add to previous studies indicating that dyslexic problems with shifting visual attention are caused by anomalies in more peripheral neural pathways, such as the magnocellular layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus..
This alteration is manifested anatomically within deprived layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) where neurons have smaller somata and reduced geniculocortical terminal fields compared to non-deprived counterparts.
We present a large-scale anatomically constrained spiking neuron model of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), which operates solely with retinal input, relay cells, and interneurons.
PURPOSE: To apply and to evaluate the newly developed advanced fast marching algorithm (aFM) in vivo by reconstructing the human visual pathway, which is characterized by areas of extensive fiber crossing and branching, i.e., the optic chiasm and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
The model integrates our experimental data, including morphological and intrinsic membrane properties and the number and spatial distribution of four major synaptic input sources of the SSC: the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and three cortical sources.
To examine this relationship, we have used a specialized sensor to measure simultaneously tissue oxygen changes and neural activity in colocalized regions of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
These can be identified anatomically and physiologically and remain distinct all the way to the lateral geniculate nucleus, whose fibers form the input to the primary visual cortex.
Stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus evoked a 57% increase in acetylcholine release from visual cortex and stimulation of the medial geniculate nucleus evoked a 72% increase from auditory cortex.
Using recordings in the lateral geniculate nucleus, here we demonstrate that the relevant timescale of neuronal spike trains depends on the frequency content of the visual stimulus, and that 'relative', not absolute, precision is maintained both during spatially uniform white-noise visual stimuli and naturalistic movies.
Inhibitory pathways project from the pretectal nuclear complex to the ipsilateral superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN).
To gain a deeper understanding of the transmission of visual signals from retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we have used a simple leaky integrate and-fire model to simulate a relay cell in the LGN.
In fact, areas of the thalamus related to somatosensation (the ventroposterior and posterior nuclei) and audition (the medial geniculate nucleus) appeared to displace the lateral geniculate nucleus dedicated to the subordinate visual modality.
Several physiological properties of owl monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells were studied to verify whether its nocturnal habit has an influence on the organization of its subcortical visual system.
To date, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) have primarily focused on measures of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal.
The lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar are examples of two different types of relay: the former is a first order relay, transmitting information from a subcortical source (retina), while the latter is mostly a higher order relay, transmitting information from layer 5 of one cortical area to another cortical area.
Conflicting results have come from research into the effects of dark adaptation on receptive field organization of cells in the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus.
There is debate as to whether this surround suppression is due to intracortical inhibition, is inherited from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), or is due to a combination of these factors.
With the long-term aim of preventing this neuronal death, we have here characterised its timing in the lateral geniculate nucleus of ferrets following lesions of the visual cortex on postnatal days 5, 10, 20 or 35.
In this study, we characterize the adaptation of neurons in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus to changes in stimulus contrast and correlations.
Recordings were obtained from layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex, of adult freely moving Long Evans rats, after stimulation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
Both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) were evoked in layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex after stimulation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
In this study we examine the possible role of cortical feedback in shaping the spatiotemporal receptive field (STRF) responses of thalamocortical (TC) cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus.
BACKGROUND: The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the site at which ganglion cell axons of the optic tract synapse with neurons that form the optic radiations.
The spatial weighting functions of both retinal and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) X-cell receptive fields have been viewed as the difference of two Gaussians (DOG).
We previously found that neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) exhibit contrast normalization in their responses to full-field flickering white-noise stimuli, and that neurons with the strongest contrast normalization best preserved information transmission across a range of contrasts.
While expecting unpleasant stimuli, the "cognitive control" group showed higher activity in left medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex areas but reduced activity in the left extended amygdala, pulvinar/lateral geniculate nucleus and fusiform gyrus.
In this study, we compared the precision, reliability, and information content of spike trains from X- and Y-cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and layer IV simple cells of area 17 in the cat.
I measured the efficacy of retinogeniculate transmission in the awake cat by taking advantage of the fact that many neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are dominated by a single retinal input, and that this input produces a distinct event known as the S-potential.
The interspike interval (ISI) preceding a retinal spike has a strong influence on whether retinal spikes will drive postsynaptic responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) not only provide feedforward input to primary visual cortex (V1), but also receive robust feedback from the cortex.
We have previously shown that this can arise from the combination of feedforward lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) input and an orientation-untuned component of feedforward inhibition that dominates excitation.
Thalamocortical (TC) neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, which receive their sensory input from retina, respond similarly except that the gain, in particular of the sustained component, changes with level of arousal.
Note that postnatal neuronal generation was also evident in other thalamic nuclei (e.g., the lateral geniculate nucleus).
To assess where recovery takes place along the visual pathway, visual activation was studied in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the main thalamic relay nucleus in the visual pathway and in three areas of the visual cortex: the lateral occipital complexes (LOC), V1 and V2.
We examined whether microstimulation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus can generate localized visual percepts in alert monkeys. To assess electrically generated percepts, an eye-movement task was used with targets presented on a computer screen (optically) or through microstimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (electrically).
In all mammalian species the projections from the two eyes to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus terminate in separate layers or territories.
Although neuronal dynamics is to a high extent a function of synapse strength, the spatial distribution of neurons is also known to play an important role, which is evidenced by the topographical organization of the main stations of the visual system: retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and cortex.
Previously, we found that responses of single neurons in the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to such stimuli resemble the psychophysical data.
This review summarizes what has been learned about stimulating neurons in the human and primate retina, lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex.
We characterize a hitherto undocumented type of neuron present in the regions bordering the principal layers of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus.
Simple cells in primary visual cortex exhibit contrast-invariant orientation tuning, in seeming contradiction to feed-forward models that rely on lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) input alone.
the visual relay from peripheral retinal cells to the two ventrally located magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is essential for the transfer of visual information from the retina to visual cortex, and inhibitory mechanisms can play a critical in regulating such information transfer.
Expression of TYR during neuroblast division helps in later pathfinding by retinal ganglion cells from retina to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
We propose that ipsiocular suppression precedes the influence of interocular suppression and tentatively associate the two effects with the lateral geniculate nucleus (or retina) and the visual cortex respectively.
Retinal spikes impinging on relay neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) generate synaptic potentials, which sometimes produce spikes sent to visual cortex.
Thalamic relay neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) exhibit a tonic GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated conductance that is correlated with delta-subunit expression.
Patterned spontaneous activity in the developing retina is necessary to drive synaptic refinement in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
This is consistent with a similar analysis of first and higher order nuclei for the visual system (the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar, respectively).
RECENT FINDINGS: Glaucomatous injury to retinal ganglion cells has profound effects on target vision structures within the brain, including the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in experimental primate and human glaucoma.
The responses of 51 neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rabbit to substitution of colored stimuli different brightness and stimuli differing only in intensity were studied. Use of the magnitude of the early phasic discharge as a measure of the difference between stimuli yielded a sensory space for lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. The color and achromatic spaces of lateral geniculate nucleus neurons were analogous to the spaces previously identified for neurons in the rabbit visual cortex using the same stimulation conditions. The tonic discharges of most lateral geniculate nucleus neurons correlated linearly with changes in stimulus intensity and can be regarded as reflecting a pre-detector function for the visual cortex detector neurons..
PSA-NCAM labelling remained intense and homogeneously distributed along perinatal period, but from P4 it began to decrease selectively, persisting throughout adulthood only in the reticular nucleus, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and midline and intralaminar nuclei.
The role of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus in visual encoding remains an open question.
The model includes the input from the lateral geniculate nucleus, arranged according to the preferred orientation through a Gabor function, a feedforward inhibition from inhibitory interneurons and lateral connections (both excitatory and inhibitory) from the other cortical cells (feedback mechanism).
We ablated the visual cortex of 10-day-old and adult MT I & II knock out (MT(-/-)) and wild-type mice and then determined the density of microglia in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) over time.
There is a tightly coupled bidirectional interaction between visual cortex and visual thalamus [ lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)].
Six different AC subtypes were found in the developing retinal ganglion cell layer (RGC; AC1, AC2, AC3, AC5, AC8, and AC9), and three AC subtypes were expressed in the central brain targets, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (AC1 and AC8), the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (AC2 and AC8) and the superior colliculus (AC1, AC2, AC8).
The key objective of this study was to determine the distribution and morphology of koniocellular (K) lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) axons in primary visual cortex (V1) of the macaque monkey.
Mean normalized image intensity was greater by 53% in the ipsilateral optic nerve and by 31% and 28% in the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus, respectively (N=5, P<0.02, paired t test).
The local interneurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) give rise to two distinct synaptic outputs: classical axonal and dendrodendritic.
We also provide the first comprehensive anatomical description of the topographic connections between the retina and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
Electrophysiological studies combined with local neurotoxic lesions were conducted on anaesthetized rats in order to determine whether the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) inhibits the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the lateral geniculate nucleus by means of innervation by serotonin-containing fibres.
These pathways remain anatomically separate and distinct from their origination in different retinal ganglion cell types, through distinct layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, and into primary visual cortex (V1), with the M pathway terminating primarily in layer 4Calpha, the P pathway in layer 4Cbeta, and the K pathway in the cytochrome oxidase blobs of layer 2/3.
In contrast, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) plus retinotopic cortical areas V1-V3 did not show any temporal-nasal differences and differed from the SC in this respect.
Experimental primate glaucoma indicates neuronal degeneration of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and activity changes in the visual cortex (V1).
The model was originally tested with an ensemble of whitened natural scenes, simulating pre-cortical filtering in the retinal ganglia and lateral geniculate nucleus, and the basis functions qualitatively resembled the orientation-specific responses of V1 simple cells in the spatial domain.
Activity-dependent models for cortical simple-cell receptive field development predict specific patterns of correlated neural activity within the visual pathway, such as a Mexican hat-shaped pattern of correlated activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
Neurons in the visual cortex receive input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (feed-forward), higher order visual areas (feedback) and local neurons in the surroundings (lateral interactions).
In glaucoma, there is atrophy and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), in addition to atrophy and loss of target neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the brain.
First, we predict spatial-frequency tuning dynamics from the spatiotemporal receptive fields of 118 cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
PURPOSE: Studies in nonhuman primates show that monocular visual deprivation starting at different ages has different effects on cells in the parvocellular and magnocellular laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus cannot perform the spatial color calculations necessary for color contrast and color constancy.
In addition, DTI revealed that migraineurs have alterations in superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate nucleus, which are also involved in visual processing.
In addition, from E70-130 VMAT2 and SERT were observed in all the sensory cranial nerves, the olfactory nerve, the gustatory, the trigeminal, the auditory fibers, in the retinal ganglion cells, and the optic tract up to the lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus.
Retrograde labeling in the lateral geniculate nucleus showed no difference in the total number of neurons between control and visually deprived cats, but there was a higher proportion of labeling in C-laminae in deprived cats.
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the thalamic station in the retinocortical projection and has traditionally been viewed as the gateway for sensory information to enter the cortex.
During development, the projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus to striate cortex becomes segregated into monocular regions called ocular dominance columns. It was evident however, that strabismus does not affect the binocular projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus to each CO patch in the upper layers.
Over the last 50 years, studies of receptive fields in the early mammalian visual system have identified many classes of response properties in brain areas such as retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and primary visual cortex (V1).
The remarkable specificity and strength of retinogeniculate connections have inspired comparisons of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) with a simple relay that connects the retina with the visual cortex.
We studied here the expression of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase in the rat superior colliculus and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus after unilateral enucleation, by means of immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase of nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons in specific layers of the superior colliculus and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus between 1 and 30 days post-lesion. Immunoblotting analyses confirmed that the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase is upregulated in the superior colliculus and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus after retinal removal. Our real-time PCR results indicated that nitric oxide synthase transcript levels in the superior colliculus were not significantly altered after monocular enucleation, although an upregulation of the enzyme transcription was detected into the deafferented dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
Recently we identified a subset of thalamocortical (TC) neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) which exhibit rhythmic high-threshold (>-55 mV) bursting at approximately 2-13 Hz and which are interconnected by gap junctions (GJs).
The primary visual pathway in albino mammals is characterized by an increased decussation of retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm and an enhanced contralateral projection to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Exp Eye Res 43:867-869) to quantitatively assess the effects of albinism on retinal projections to a number of subcortical visual nuclei including the ventral lateral hypothalamus (VLH), ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO), olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), posterior limitans (PLi), commissural pretectal area (CPA), intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) and superior colliculus (SC).
Degenerative changes are observed in magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular pathways in the lateral geniculate nucleus, and these changes are related to intraocular pressure and the severity of optic nerve damage.
Thalamocortical cells (TCs) and interneurons (INs) in the lateral geniculate nucleus process visual information from the retina.
Afferent input responses were recorded extracellularly during cortical inactivation through superfusion of the cortex with muscimol, allowing investigation of lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (LGN) cell properties in the absence of cortical feedback.
PURPOSE: To test the post-critical period stability of perineuronal nets by comparing the expression of antigens on aggrecan (a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) recognized by the monoclonal antibody Cat-301) in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and striate cortex (A17) of adult Y-blocked cats and cats made strabismic and amblyopic as kittens.
In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the neurons have receptive fields with center-surround organization, and spatial resolution may be measured as the inverse of center size.
Here we demonstrate controlled inhibitory effects on the large corticogeniculate feedback pathway from primary visual cortex to cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) that are focal and reversible-induced by either single pulses or trains of pulses of TMS.
In the developing mammalian visual system, axon terminals from the two eyes overlap in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) but then undergo a period of refinement and segregate to form distinct eye-specific domains.
Using in vitro electrophysiology, we characterized NO effects on excitatory postsynaptic potentials and currents (EPSCs) elicited from retinal and cortical pathways in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the ferret.
Forebrain regions were relatively spared in term of CO activity, except for subthalamic nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, and cortical eye field.
We previously showed that BCATc mRNA and protein expression in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus is up-regulated by exogenous administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) following lesion of the visual cortex in newborn rats.
During visual system development, the light-insensitive retina spontaneously generates waves of activity, which are transmitted to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Using a population density approach we study the dynamics of two interacting collections of integrate-and-fire-or-burst (IFB) neurons representing thalamocortical (TC) cells from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and thalamic reticular (RE) cells from the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN).
Studies have demonstrated that optic nerve transection results in apoptotic cell death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and neurons within lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
Recently, we showed that metabotropic glutamate receptor activation brings about an intrinsic slow oscillation in thalamocortical neurons of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro which is identical to that observed in vivo. The aim of this study was to further assess the properties of this oscillation and compare them with those observed in thalamocortical neurons of three other thalamic nuclei in the cat (ventrobasal complex, medial geniculate body; ventral lateral nucleus) and two thalamic nuclei in rats and mice (lateral geniculate nucleus and ventrobasal complex). Most notably, 44% of slow oscillations in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus possessed UP states that comprised sustained tonic firing and/or high-threshold bursting. In contrast, slow oscillations in cat ventrobasal complex, medial geniculate body and ventral lateral nucleus thalamocortical neurons exhibited such UP states in only 16%, 11% and 10% of cases, respectively, whereas slow oscillations in the lateral geniculate nucleus and ventrobasal complex of rats and mice did so in <12% of cases.
We investigated the statistical computation underlying this measure of contrast in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus, which relays signals from retina to cortex.
NP1/2 knock-out mice exhibited defects in the segregation of eye-specific retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, a process that involves activity-dependent synapse formation and elimination. These data indicate that NPs are necessary for early synaptic refinements in the mammalian retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, visual stimulation produces two distinct types of responses known as tonic and burst.
Established targets were confirmed, including the SCN, IGL, OPN, ventral division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv), and preoptic area, but the overall projections were more widespread than previously recognized. There were also weak projections to the margins of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
Using a population density approach we study the dynamics of two interacting collections of integrate-and-fire-or-burst (IFB) neurons representing thalamocortical (TC) cells from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and thalamic reticular (RE) cells from the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN).
In the first experiment, we examined the effects of induced microgyria to the somatosensory cortex on neuronal numbers, neuronal size, and nuclear volume of three sensory nuclei: ventrobasal complex, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and medial geniculate nucleus. We found that there was a decrease in neuronal number and nuclear volume in ventrobasal complex of microgyric rats when compared with shams, whereas there were no differences in these variables in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus or medial geniculate nucleus.
We compared the role of synapsins in two types of glutamatergic synapses on thalamocortical cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice: retinogeniculate synapses, which transmit primary afferent input at high frequencies and show synaptic depression, and corticogeniculate synapses, which provide modulatory feedback at lower frequencies and show synaptic facilitation.
Both orexin-A and orexin-B had no effect on neurons in the lateral posterior (LP), lateralodorsal (LD), posterior thalamic (Po), ventrobasal (VB) nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a permissive role in developmental plasticity of fibers from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to the primary visual cortex (V1).
Because strong corticothalamic activation is implicated in abnormal thalamic rhythms, we used extracellular recordings in the lateral geniculate nucleus to study the effect of Group II mGluR agonists upon these slow oscillations.
Current clamp recordings from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) slices showed characteristic burst responses when relay cells were depolarized from relatively hyperpolarized membrane potentials.
Highly structured retinal waves were first observed at E60, >1 week before the segregation of eye-specific retinal dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus projections commences.
Moreover, unilateral intravitreal injections show that Mn2+ is sufficiently synapse specific to permit visualization of the lamina of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN).
The data indicate that perigeniculate nucleus dendritic maturation lags shortly behind that of the retina but may precede that of its dorsal thalamic target, the lateral geniculate nucleus. Thus, it may be that the earlier maturation of the perigeniculate nucleus and its inhibitory input is a necessary requirement for the proper development of retinogeniculate and corticothalamic topographic maps within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and perigeniculate nucleus..
METHODS: We used a combination of current clamp and voltage clamp recordings in an in vitro brain slice preparation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of macaque monkeys that have chronically self-administered ethanol to determine whether chronic ethanol exposure may affect T-type currents.
Here we use rabies virus as a retrograde transynaptic tracer to show that the dorsal area MT receives strong input, via a single relay, from both M and P cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Axon terminals from the two eyes initially overlap in the dorsal-lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) but subsequently refine to occupy nonoverlapping territories.
We have examined the cellular and subcellular distribution and the patterns of expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and of its high affinity receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), in retinorecipient regions of the brain, including the superior colliculus, the lateral geniculate nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, however, BDNF mRNA was not detected, and BDNF protein was restricted to punctate and fiber-like structures in the neuropil, especially in the most superficial part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, just below the optic tract. TrkB was present in postsynaptic densities apposed to immunoreactive R-boutons in the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus, and was also associated with axonal and dendritic microtubules.
The major pathway for visual information reaching cerebral cortex is through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus.
Midget ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled from the lateral geniculate nucleus and photofilled.
Changes in activity of 51 neurons in the rabbit lateral geniculate nucleus evoked by the replacement of eight color and eight achromatic stimuli in pairs were analyzed. The structures of perceptual space reconstructed from neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus were identical to the spaces calculated from the neurons in the primary visual cortex. The tonic component of the most of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus showed a linear correlation with changes in intensities, thereby these neurons could be characterized as pre-detectors for cortical selective detectors..
To assess the possible origin of the suppressive SRF effect on V1 neurons, we also investigated the contrast dependency of SRF effects in 28 neurons from the lateral geniculate nucleus.
The koniocellular visual pathway, arising from the retina and connecting to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the superior colliculus, and the pulvinar, has expanded along with the parvocellular pathway, a visual pathway that is involved with color and object recognition.
We measured responses to red-green color variation in parvocellular (PC) neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of dichromatic ("red-green color blind") marmoset monkeys.
We outline the major parallel pathways of the visual system from the retina to the primary visual cortex and higher visual areas via lateral geniculate nucleus that receive visual input.
It has been proposed that low-threshold Ca2+ (LT)-associated bursts in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of awake animals communicate significant or unexpected visual events to cortex.
The present ontogenetic study revealed that the expression of neuronal growth-associated proteins in the visual cortex (VC) exhibited a sharp peak in the early postnatal period when growing lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) axon terminals segregate into the ocular dominance columns depending on retinal activity.
The transmission of visual information from the retina to the visual cortex through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is a complex process, which involves several neuronal mechanisms, elements, and circuits.
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LG) is an important subcortical nucleus in the visual system.
Using quasilinear models of lateral geniculate nucleus units and V1 simple cells, we derive analytical expressions for the second-order statistics of thalamocortical activity before and after eye opening.
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