In the developing diencephalon and hindbrain, abundant Fstl1 signals were also detected in nuclei including the medial habenular nucleus, the medial dorsal nucleus, the cochlear nuclei and so on. 
No expression of the N1, R1, R2, R3 and R4 splice variants was detectable in the neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and medial habenular nucleus. With the riboprobe for the common protein-coding region, the neurons of the medial habenular nucleus could be labeled at high level, while intrinsic cortical neurons were labeled at low level. These findings strongly suggested that: (1) R1 and R2 were the major splice variants expressed in the neurons of forebrain nuclei; (2) R1, R2, R3, R4 and N1 splice variants were almost equally expressed in the brainstem motor and autonomic nuclei and ventral and lateral horns of the spinal cord; (3) inferring from a paucity of other isoforms, M type choline acetyltransferase mRNA is a splice variant predominantly expressed in the cerebral cortex and medial habenular nucleus..
By adulthood, Wif1 is mainly expressed in the medial habenular nucleus (MHb) in the epithalamus, the mitral layer cells in the olfactory bulb and a few nuclei in the hypothalamus.
In diencephalon, moderate staining was found in all thalamic nuclei but was strong in medial habenular nucleus and the hypothalamic nuclei including suprachiasmatic nucleus, optic chiasm, arcuate nucleus and median eminence.
Originally recognized to be produced by cells of the immune system, IL-18 is also found in endocrine tissues, including the adrenal and the pituitary glands, and in the central nervous system where it is produced by microglial and ependymal cells as well as by neurons of the medial habenular nucleus.
The diencephalon was devoid of P2X(1)R positive neurons or fibers except for the medial habenular nucleus, which showed very intense P2X(1)R immunostaining.
Within the diencephalon high density of positive cells was found in mediodorsal and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei and medial habenular nucleus (MHb).
The neuronal labeling was high in the neocortex, striatum, hippocampus, brain stem nuclei, deep cerebellar nuclei, catecholaminergic neurons, and reticular nuclei, and particularly high in neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and medial habenular nucleus.
A moderate density of immunoreactive cell bodies was observed in the dorsal part of the mesencephalic central gray, above the rostral linear nucleus of the raphe, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and in the medial habenular nucleus, whereas a low density was found below the medial forebrain bundle and in the posterior thalamic nuclear group.
In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated significant expression of MVTR mRNA in suprachiasmatic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and medial habenular nucleus of mouse brain.
By using immunofluorescent staining, we observed that K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter isoform 2, GABA type A receptor beta2/3 subunits and a presynaptically localized glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, were all absent in adult Sprague-Dawley rat medial habenular nucleus, while immunopositive staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, GABA and GABA type B receptor type 2 subunit were present in the medial habenular nucleus. Consistent with the lack of GABA type A signaling as detected by immunohistochemistry, GABA (100 muM) evoked no measurable currents in the medial habenular nucleus but induced bicuculline-sensitive currents in the lateral habenular nucleus and in the CA1 area of hippocampus. We also failed to record miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in medial habenular nucleus neurons. These results support the idea that GABAergic transmission in medial habenular nucleus is probably not mediated by any of the most common GABA type A receptor subtypes. Further exploration for factors determining medial habenular nucleus neural inhibition will lead to a more complete understanding of control of synaptic balance in the CNS..
It was found that the right medial habenular nucleus consisted, on average, of 18,000 neurons (with a coefficient of variation of 0.18), while the right lateral habenular nucleus had 13,000 neurons on average (0.14).
Within the diencephalon, high density was found in nuclei of the ventral and dorsal thalamus and the medial habenular nucleus, and low density in the hypothalamus.
SulfFP2 expression is abundant and dynamically regulated in the nervous system during development, whereas it is confined to the cerebral cortex, hippocampal CA3 region, and medial habenular nucleus in the adult brain..
Virus tracing confirmed and extended the MVe afferent connections identified with CTB and additionally demonstrated transneuronal connectivity with the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the medial habenular nucleus.
We have therefore evaluated, by immunohistochemical image analyses, net alterations of nitric oxide synthases (nNOS, eNOS, iNOS) in brain nuclei [ paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), medial habenular nucleus (MHB), lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)] of tumor-bearing mice (TB) with prostanoid-related anorexia.
Two distinct intrinsic circuits exist in the medial habenular nucleus, whereas in the lateral habenular nucleus, intrinsic axons travel largely from medial to lateral direction.
This study was designed to investigate whether there are innate differences in NPY mRNA in cerebral cortical areas, dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and medial habenular nucleus (MHb) between P and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats, as these discrete brain regions are rich in NPY mRNA.
Using Fluoro-Jade staining to detect degenerating neurons, we have identified three new brain regions that show neuronal cell necrosis as a result of exposure to L-CPA, these are the medial habenular nucleus, pontine gray and inferior olivary nucleus. The basis for the neuronal cell loss in the medial habenular nucleus, pontine gray and inferior olivary nucleus, in addition to the major site in the cerebellum, and the sensitivity of particular cerebellar lobes is not currently understood.
In the 1 h stress group, more FLI neurons were found in the lateral habenular nucleus, the medial habenular nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the central nucleus of amgydaloid and the lateral hypothalamus compared with the control group.
Tg mice exhibited significant increases in the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex (27%), caudate-putamen (27%), dentate gyrus (69%), medial habenular nucleus (61%) and lateral habenular nucleus (36%).
Neuroserpin RNA levels are down-regulated in cortical layers II/III and VIa, the hippocampus, the retrosplenial cortex and the medial habenular nucleus, but not in cortical layer V or other areas of the hypothyroid rat brain.
The expression was particularly prominent in the medial habenular nucleus, whereas the lateral habenular nucleus exhibited a lower number of labeled cells.
An 11.2 kb transgene (named hV11.2) that spanned from about 5 kb upstream of the start of vesicular acetylcholine transporter translation down to the first choline acetyltransferase coding exon gave expression in the somatomotor neurons and a subpopulation of cholinergic neurons in the medial habenular nucleus. Our data indicate that vesicular acetylcholine transporter expression in somatomotor neurons and in the medial habenular nucleus is uniquely specified within the cholinergic gene locus, and separable from cholinergic expression elsewhere.
Significant increases were observed only in the medial habenular nucleus--bilaterally and especially in its caudal portion. The medial habenular nucleus belongs to the limbic system involved in processing emotional reactions and regulation of the autonomic nervous system.
Transgenic lines with the VAChT-Cre construct displayed the restricted Cre expression in a subset of cholinergic neurons in the somatomotor nuclei and medial habenular nucleus, but absent in visceromotor and other central and peripheral cholinergic neurons.
Neuronal human transferrin-immunoreactivity (IR) was observed in cells in close proximity to the ventricular system and subarachnoid space, e.g., neurons of the medial habenular nucleus, hippocampal cortex, and cerebellar cortex.
In situ hybridization examined preprotachykinin A mRNA levels in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens, the islands of Calleja, the olfactory tubercle, the dorsal and ventral caudate-putamen, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial preoptic area, the medial habenular nucleus and in the postero-dorsal part of the medial amygdala. Higher levels of preprotachykinin A mRNA were found in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens, in the islands of calleja, in the olfactory tubercle, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, in the medial habenular nucleus and the postero-dorsal part of the medial amygdala, compared to control animals.
Substitution tests with nicotine administered into the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area, all of which are located on the mesolimbocortical dopaminergic neurons, and into the dorsal hippocampus and medial habenular nucleus, which possess high densities of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, were conducted in rats trained to discriminate nicotine (0.5 mg/kg s.c.) from saline solution in a two-lever, food-reinforced, operant task. However, nicotine administered into the dorsal hippocampus and medial habenular nucleus did not substitute for sc injected nicotine.
The results showed that a single injection of 40 mg/kg METH caused neuronal death in several brain areas including the striatum, cortex (frontal, parietal, and piriform), indusium griseum, medial habenular nucleus, and hippocampus.
Mint1 mRNA expression was greatest in the limbic system including cingulate cortex, hippocampus, anterior thalamic nuclei, medial habenular nucleus, and mammillary body.
DNPI-staining showed a strong mosaical pattern and overlapped well the BNPI-staining in the medial habenular nucleus.
The present study represents the first detailed analysis of small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel type 3 mRNA distribution in the adult rat brain and resulted in a strong to moderate expression of signal in medial habenular nucleus, substantia nigra compact part, suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventral tegmental area, lateral septum, dorsal raphe and locus coeruleus. Immunohistological experiments were also performed and confirmed the presence of small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel type 3 protein in medial habenular nucleus, locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe.
Cell and nuclear sizes of neurones in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and the medial habenular nucleus (MHB) were measured from neurones identified by in situ hybridization histochemistry for beta(III)-tubulin mRNA, and measurements were made from OT and AVP magnocellular neurones in the SON after phenotypic identification by immunohistochemistry.
Strong CYP2C13 immunoreactivity was also expressed in the cortex, olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei, medial habenular nucleus, red nucleus, and medial forebrain bundle.
The medial septal nucleus and medial habenular nucleus contain immunoreactive neurons for ChAT, which are devoid of ChAT mRNA signals.
SP-immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the medial habenular nucleus.
On the contrary, pyramidal neurons in the Ammon's horn of the hippocampal formation, granule cells in the olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus and cerebellar cortex, Purkinje cells, neurons in the medial habenular nucleus and the inferior olivary nucleus have not shown immunoreactivity.
Strong hybridization labeling was detected in multiple olfactory areas, cortical cells, medial habenular nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, tenia tecta, pial surface, pontine nucleus, hippocampal formation and multiple thalamic and hypothalamic areas. Further evidence of neuronal expression comes from the semicircular arrangement of aquaporin-4 messenger RNA-expressing cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial habenular nucleus exhibiting Nissl-stained morphological features typical of neurons.
Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies have revealed the localization of cholinergic neurones in the central nervous system: the medial septal nucleus, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, the basal nucleus of Meynert, the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the nucleus accumbens, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the medial habenular nucleus, the parabigeminal nucleus, some cranial nerve nuclei, and the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
Using the medial habenular nucleus as a model of neuronal transferrin receptor mRNA expression, the present study examined 17-day-old rats subjected to variations in dietary iron.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the medial habenular nucleus (mHb) in the DS effects of nicotine.
medial habenular nucleus and cerebellar granule cells showed both immunoreactivities.
In contrast, OP-1 expression is restricted throughout development to cells of the medial habenular nucleus, choroid plexus, and leptomeninges.
High densities of MC4-R occurred in the ventromedial (VMH) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei, median eminence (ME), and medial habenular nucleus (MHb), with lower densities in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and forebrain regions.
In contrast, CYP2D5 was extensively expressed in the basal ganglia, including neurones in the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra and interpeduncular nucleus, as well as other areas of the brain, including the ventral tegmental area, piriform cortex, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, medial habenular nucleus, thalamic nucleus and pontine nucleus.
In the diencephalon, staining was observed in the periventricular area, the dorsomedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the medial habenular nucleus.
Increased TR immunoreactivity was also observed in neuronal extensions of neurons of the medial habenular nucleus, reticular neurons of the brainstem, and fibers projecting to the area postrema.
Regional differences in the temporal expression of ppANP mRNA were apparent with ppANP mRNA detected in the medial preoptic area, mammillary nuclei and medial habenular nucleus at postnatal day 4 and in other areas including the arcuate and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei and in olfactory and limbic regions at postnatal day 10.
There were minor changes in the amount of Y5 receptor mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation and medial habenular nucleus.
The medial habenular nucleus also showed intense mGluR7a-LI in the rat but not in the mouse.
Diencephalon: high densities were detected in the medial habenular nucleus, nucleus paraventricularis thalami, other midline-intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the supramammillary and mediobasal hypothalamic nuclei.
After the lean mice were fasted for 24 h, increased leptin receptor mRNA expression was found in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, medial habenular nucleus and dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation.
In situ hybridization of postnatal day 3 mouse brain showed high levels of ST8Sia II mRNA expression in the cerebral neocortex, striatum, hippocampus, subiculum, medial habenular nucleus, thalamus, pontine nuclei, and inferior colliculus; intermediate-level expression in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, superior colliculus, and cerebellum; and low-level expression in other regions.
High densities were also observed in the basal ganglia, the medial habenular nucleus, the frontoparietal cortex, the lateral amygdaloid nucleus and the subiculum.
In the brain, a strong expression of VDCC beta 3 mRNA was found in the medial habenular nucleus, a high level of expression was observed in the olfactory bulb and cerebellum, and a relatively high level of VDCC beta 3 mRNA was localized in the cerebral cortex, caudate-putamen and hippocampal formation.
Significant increases in leptin receptor mRNA expression were found in the ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei, piriform and olfactory cortices and medial habenular nucleus.
MARCKS hybridization was most pronounced in the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex (layer II), medial habenular nucleus, subregions of the amygdala, specific hypothalamic nuclei, hippocampal granule cells, neocortex, and cerebellar cortex, intermediate in the superior colliculus, hippocampal CA1, and certain brainstem nuclei including the locus coeruleus, and low-absent in regions of the caudate-putamen, geniculate, thalamic nuclei, lateral habenular nucleus, and hippocampal CA3 pyramidal and hilar neurons. Consistent with previous reports, prominent F1/GAP-43 hybridization was observed in neocortex, medial geniculate, piriform cortex (layer II), substantia nigra pars compacta, hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, lateral habenular nucleus, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and cerebellar granule cells, intermediate in regions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and amygdala, and low-absent in regions of the olfactory bulb, caudate-putamen, medial habenular nucleus, hippocampal granule cells, and superior colliculus.
The medial habenular nucleus is compact, well formed and outlined group of heavily stained mainly round cells.
Leptin receptor mRNA expression was highest in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence of the hypothalamus, but it was also abundant in hippocampus, primarily in the dentate gyrus and CA1, and was detected at low levels in piriform cortex and the medial margin of the medial habenular nucleus.
Intense MOR1-like immunoreactivity (LI) was seen in the 'patch' areas and subcallosal streak in the striatum, medial habenular nucleus, medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, interpeduncular nucleus, median raphe nucleus, parabrachial nuclei, locus coeruleus, ambiguous nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and laminae I and II of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns. The presynaptic location of MOR1-LI and MOR1/1B-LI was confirmed by lesion experiments: Enucleation, placing a lesion in the medial habenular nucleus, removal of the nodose ganglion, or dorsal rhizotomy resulted in a clear reduction of the immunoreactivities, respectively, in the nuclei of the accessory optic tract, some subnuclei of the interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, or laminae I and II of the spinal dorsal horn.
The centre mèdian nucleus, together with the medial habenular nucleus, were virtually devoid of calretinine immunostaining.
We examined the cellular localization of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-4 mRNA preferentially expressed in the medial habenular nucleus by in situ hybridization. FGFR-4 mRNA was expressed in the ventral part of the medial habenular nucleus. The present finding indicates that FGFR-4 in the brain has a function specific to cholinergic neurons in the ventral part of the medial habenular nucleus..
NKR was found to be expressed intensely or moderately in neurons in the glomerular and granule cell layers of the main olfactory bulb; glomerular and mitral cell layers of the accessory olfactory bulb; layers IV and V of the cerebral neocortex; medial septal nucleus; nucleus of the diagonal band; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; globus pallidus; ventral pallidum; paraventricular nucleus; supraoptic nucleus; zona incerta; dorsal, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas; amygdaloid nuclei; medial habenular nucleus; ventral tegmental area; midbrain periaqueductal gray; interpeduncular nuclei; substantia nigra pars compacta; linear, median, dorsal, and pontine raphe nuclei; posteromedial tegmental nucleus; sphenoid nucleus; nucleus of the solitary tract; intermediate and rostroventrolateral reticular nuclei; and lamina II of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and spinal dorsal horn.
Rxt1 mRNA was generally more abundant than V-7-3-2 mRNA, except in few areas (piriform cortex, horizontal limb of the diagonal band, medial habenular nucleus, pyramidal and granular cell layers in the hippocampus) where the levels of both mRNAs were similar.
Brain regions demonstrating the highest levels of [ 3H]epibatidine binding included the interpeduncular nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, fasciculus retroflexus, superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus and numerous thalamic nuclei, including the anteroventral, dorsal lateral geniculate and gelatinosus nuclei.
In autoradiography studies, [ 3H]-RS-45041-190 labelled discrete regions of rat brain corresponding to the distribution of I2 subtypes, notably the subfornical organ, arcuate nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, medial habenular nucleus and lateral mammillary nucleus, and additional sites in the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus.
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-4 mRNA in the adult rat brain is expressed preferentially in the medial habenular nucleus. Interestingly, in addition to the persistent expression of FGFR-4 mRNA in the medial habenular nucleus, FGFR-4 mRNA was transiently expressed in the proliferative zone of the external granule layer of the developing cerebellum.
These regions included the islands of Calleja (p < or = 0.03), the medial amygdaloid nucleus, posterodorsal division (p < or = 0.05), median eminence (p < or = 0.02), medial habenular nucleus (p < or = 0.05), rhomboid thalamic nucleus (p < or = 0.05), and paraventricular (p < or = 0.05) and intermediodorsal (p < or = 0.02) thalamic nuclei.
Relatively high densities of ppANP mRNA-positive neurones were found in the anterior medial preoptic hypothalamic nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, and in Barrington's nucleus in the pons.
Receptor 2 mRNA was observed in the anterior pituitary, and in the brain it was found in the medial habenular nucleus, claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, hippocampus some amygdala nuclei, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus.
Thirdly, neurons in the medial habenular nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus and the reticular thalamic nucleus were more densely stained with the anti-beta antibody than with the anti-alpha antibody.
The expression of the HIOMT gene in a cluster of cells in the medial habenular nucleus is lower than that in pinealocytes of the pineal organ proper..
The olfactory tubercle and medial habenular nucleus expressed the gene at slightly higher levels.
Northern blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that the mu-opioid receptor mRNA was expressed in many brain regions, including cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, septal nuclei, thalamus, hippocampus, and medial habenular nucleus, in keeping with the known distribution of the mu-opioid receptor..
In contrast with FGFR-1, FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 mRNAs which are expressed widely in the brain, the FGFR-4 mRNA in the brain is expressed preferentially in the medial habenular nucleus neurons. The present finding indicates that FGFR-4 has a function specific to the medial habenular nucleus..
For instance, the interpeduncular nucleus, the lateral habenular nucleus and the deep layers of the cerebral cortex were labeled in the guinea pig but not in the rat while the reverse was observed for the columns of the vermis lobules 9-10, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the medial habenular nucleus, the superficial cortical layers and the dorsal hippocampus.
Other areas that demonstrated binding included the left medial habenular nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus, medial cortex, dorsal cortex, mammillary nucleus, and septum. The highest degree of melatonin binding appeared in the left medial habenular nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, and dorsal ventricular ridge.
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of the ecto-Ca,Mg-adenosine-triphosphatases (ecto-Ca,Mg-ATPases) in the medial habenular nucleus.
medial habenular nucleus is intensely labeled, as is hippocampus in the vicinity of pyramidal and granule cell bodies in areas CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus.
Weakly labeled neurons were observed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, Nucleus O, paragenual nucleus, trigeminal sensory complex, cochlear nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, dorsal cap of the inferior olive, spinal dorsal horn, and lamina X of the spinal cord.
The medial septum, diagonal bands, basal nucleus of Meynert, ventral striatum, medial habenular nucleus, and motor nuclei of cranial nerve had significant numbers of immunoreactive neurons.
The anatomical location of the substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the pineal gland and stalk strongly indicates that, in this species, substance P-immunoreactive pinealopetal nerve fibers originate from perikarya in the brain, probably from the medial habenular nucleus..
Properties of single cell discharges recorded extracellularly in the medial habenular nucleus (MHN) were examined in guinea pig MHN slices.
In particular, HSP90 mRNA was abundant in limbic system-related structures, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, mamillary body, piriform cortex, enthorhinal cortex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial habenular nucleus, and preoptic hypothalamic nuclei.
In the diencephalon, dense hybridization labeled neurons in the ventral aspect of the medial habenular nucleus whereas cells in the lateral hypothalamic area and supramammillary region were more lightly labeled.
SSTR2 mRNA was primarily observed in the infragranular layers of the cortex, the amygdala, claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and medial habenular nucleus.
Moderate densities were present in the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, subiculum and medial habenular nucleus.
The medial habenular nucleus was found to receive abundant afferent fibers from the nucleus of the posterior pallial commissure and the nucleus septalis impar.
The cerebral cortex, except retrosplenial and entorhinal cortices, and the anterior dorsal thalamic nucleus exhibit the type I pattern, while the horizontal and vertical limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, magnocellular preoptic nucleus, substantia innominata, ventral part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta exhibit the type II pattern.
In the left ganglion seen at the level of the rostrocaudal middle, the dorsal bundle gave off collaterals to the lateral habenular nucleus (LH) and dorsal subnucleus of the medial habenular nucleus (MH), while the ventral bundle innervated the intermediate and ventral subnuclei of the MH.
Single fibers could be followed from the caudal part of the medial habenular nucleus and the pretectal area into the rostral part of the deep pineal gland.
In addition, HIOMT transcripts were found in the medial habenular nucleus, and the habenular and posterior commissure; they may correspond to S-antigen-immunoreactive cells demonstrated in the same regions of the hamster and the mouse.
Some other brain regions supplied with few delta sleep-inducing peptide-immunoreactive fibres included the fimbria-fornix, the dorsal part of the subfornical organ, the medial habenular nucleus and more caudally, the periaqueductal gray.
The anterior olfactory nucleus, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, medial habenular nucleus and the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus showed moderate densities.
We present a functional characterization of a neuronal nicotinic receptor in the CNS using patch-clamp techniques and a preparation of acutely isolated neurons from the medial habenular nucleus of 10- to 20-d-old rats.
At the neuronal level, nicotinic agonists have been most often associated with postsynaptically mediated excitation and membrane depolarization at various sites, including Renshaw spinal motoneurons, locus coeruleus and the medial habenular nucleus.
Brain regions containing many labeled neurons include the anterior olfactory nucleus, layer II of the olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja, the nucleus accumbens, the caudate-putamen, portions of the amygdala and hypothalamus, the medial habenular nucleus, nuclei of the pontine tegmentum, several raphe nuclei, several portions of the reticular formation, and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
The subnuclei of the lateral septum (pars dorsalis, intermedia, ventralis, posterior) receive afferents from the (i) medial septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca (pars horizontalis and pars ventralis), and the principal nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampus, and amygdala (nucleus medialis): (ii) the medial habenular nucleus, and the para- (peri-) ventricular, parataenial and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus; the anterior, lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas (in particular, the medial and lateral preoptic, suprachiasmatic, periventricular, paraventricular, arcuate, premammillary, and supramammillary nuclei; (iii) the periaquaeductal grey, ventral tegmental area, nucleus interfascicularis, nucleus reticularis linearis, central linear nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus; (iv) dorsal and medial raphe complex, and locus coeruleus.
Moderate to low levels of mRNA are observed in the medial habenular nucleus, diagonal band, lateral septal nucleus, claustrum, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, and entorhinal cortex.
The diencephalon, the periventricular preoptic area, the supraoptic nucleus, and, in particular, the medial habenular nucleus are densely innervated by NAi fibers, whereas in the midbrain NAi plexuses are found in the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra and its dorsolateral extension (RA8), and in an area ventral to the nucleus interpeduncularis, pars ventralis.
This effect was most likely mediated by a direct LHb-NRD link, since it persisted after ibotenic acid lesions of the interpeduncular nucleus (which is the major projection area for the medial habenular nucleus), but was completely abolished after transection of the fasciculus retroflexus, which carries the axons of the LHb-NRD pathway.
Immunoreactive neurons were present in the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, amygdaloid complex, caudate-putamen, accumbens nucleus, claustrum, dorsal part of the lateral septal nucleus, CA1 region of the hippocampus, subiculum, medial habenular nucleus, cerebral cortex, nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, nucleus of the solitary tract, and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord.
The medial habenular nucleus contains a dense 5-HTi plexus that shows a patchlike pattern.
In the present study, 10(-5) M neosurugatoxin inhibited the in vitro binding of (3H) L-nicotine to the medial habenular nucleus of frozen, coronal sections of rat brain as did 10(-5) M cytisine or nicotine and 10(-4) M dihydro-beta-erythroidine.
Caudally, cholinergic neurons were seen in the cuneiformis-pedunculopontine nuclei (Ch5), lateral dorsal tegmental (Ch6) and parabigeminal (Ch8) nuclei as well as the medial habenular nucleus and cranial motor nuclei.
The rat brain areas containing the highest densities of [ 3H]MCC binding were in thalamic regions, the medial habenular nucleus and the superior colliculus. These data suggest that [ 3H]MCC selectively labels central nicotinic receptors and that these receptors are concentrated in the thalamus, the medial habenular nucleus and the superior colliculus of the rat brain..
In the habenula, a few GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies and numerous GABA-positive terminals were scattered throughout the lateral habenular nucleus, whereas only a few GABA-immunoreactive terminals surrounded the closely packed unreactive cells in the medial habenular nucleus.
The actions of ACh in the medial habenular nucleus (MHb) were investigated using extra- and intracellular recording techniques in guinea pig thalamic slice maintained in vitro.
Leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive (L-ENKI) fibers were observed in the dorsal portion of the medial habenular nucleus (MHb), the intermediate portion of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHb), and the border zone between the MHb and the LHb (BZHb).
Separate, smaller groups with distinctive morphology were seen in the lateral hypothalamic area, in the supra-mammillary, medial, and lateral mammillary nuclei, medial habenular nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the central nucleus of the amygdala.
Paraffin sections (8 microns) containing the medial habenular nucleus were stained with cresyl violet and both left and right medial habenular nuclei were measured by planimetry.
Major areas of cell body staining included the medial habenular nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, the interpeduncular nucleus, the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus, the nucleus raphe pallidus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP from the ipsi- to contralateral medial habenular nucleus (mHb) through the interpeduncular nucleus (Ip) in the rat was examined by light and electron microscopy.
Specifically, multiple doses of METH significantly decreased SP concentrations in the ventral tegmental area and the medial habenular nucleus; whereas, a single METH injection increased the levels of this neuropeptide in the ventral tegmental area.
A part of the nucleus incertus, located dorsomedial to the dorsal tegmental nucleus, projects to the contralateral half of the rostral subnucleus of the IPN; the pars caudalis of the dorsal tegmental nucleus projects sparsely to the rostral lateral, dorsal lateral, lateral, caudal, and apical subnuclei predominantly contralaterally; the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, to most of the subnuclei predominantly contralaterally; the ventromedial central gray rostral to the dorsal tegmental nucleus and lateral to the dorsal raphe nucleus projects to the rostral lateral and dorsal lateral subnuclei predominantly contralaterally; the median raphe nucleus, substantially to all subnuclei; the medial habenular nucleus, in a topographic manner, to the rostral, central, and intermediate subnuclei, to the rostral lateral and lateral subnuclei predominantly ipsilaterally, and to the dorsal lateral subnucleus predominantly contralaterally; the supramammillary nucleus and areas around the origin of the mammillothalamic tract and near the third ventricle project sparsely to the ventral part of the rostral subnucleus and to the central, lateral, caudal and apical subnuclei; the nucleus of the diagonal band, sparsely to the rostral, central, dorsal lateral, caudal, and apical subnuclei.
At diencephalic levels, the highest binding was observed in the reuniens thalamic nucleus, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the medial habenular nucleus, the central medial thalamic nucleus, and the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus.
Fiber plexuses are present in the olfactory bulbs, accessory olfactory bulbs, triangular nucleus of the septum, medial habenular nucleus, and the amygdala.
Numerous peroxidase-positive fibers were observed, ipsilateral to the injection site, in the stria medullaris thalami and could be followed into the medial habenular nucleus and the habenular commissure.
Immunohistochemical studies clearly showed that the perikarya of immunoreactive neurons are most prevalent in the ventral part of the lateral septal nucleus, periventricular preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periventricular and dorsal parts of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median mamillary nucleus, supramamillary nucleus, zona incerta, medial habenular nucleus and the periaqueductal grey matter.
The areas containing the highest densities of receptors are the basal amygdaloid nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, stratum oriens and radiatum of CA1 and CA2, and the subiculum.
Immunoreactive neurons were found in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, cerebral cortex, amygdaloid complex, ventral portion of the nucleus caudatus putamen, septal area, nucleus accumbens, nucleus paratenialis, nucleus rhomboideus, nucleus reuniens, nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami, nucleus supraopticus, nucleus anterior hypothalami, preoptic area, hypothalamic periventricular nucleus, nucleus mammillaris medialis, medial habenular nucleus, zona incerta, nucleus lateralis thalami, nucleus tractus optici and gyrus dentatus.
Tanycytes with foot processes contacting capillary basal membranes were identified in the rat medial habenular nucleus.
An investigation of structural asymmetry in the avian brain was conducted on the epithalamic medial habenular nucleus of the chicken. The medial habenular nucleus was measured from paraffin-wax-embedded, 8 micron-thick sections by use of a semiautomatic image analyser.
In the medial habenular nucleus of the rat, ependymal and endothelial membrane specializations were studied with TEM and freeze-fracturing.
Knife cuts that separated the habenular nuclei from the stria medullaris and neural regions lateral and posterior to those nuclei while leaving the fasciculus retroflexus intact resulted in a reduction of ChAT-like immunoreactivity in the medial habenular nucleus, fasciculus retroflexus, and interpeduncular nucleus.
Animals that were pretreated with colchicine had LHRH-positive perikarya in the medial habenular nucleus, diagonal band of Broca, and the medial olfactory tract..
Mu sites were prominent in laminae I, IV, and VI of the neocortex, in patches in the striatum, and in the ventral pallidum, nucleus accumbens, medial and midline thalamic nuclei, medial habenular nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, and laminae I and II of the spinal cord.
Moderate receptor concentrations were found in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, median preoptic nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, lateral septum, ventroposterior thalamic nucleus, median eminence, medial geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, subiculum, pre- and parasubiculum, and spinal trigeminal tract.
The present study demonstrates that SPI fibers in the lLHb originate from SPI cells in the rostral entopeduncular nucleus (rEP) and the adjacent area, while those in the mLHb originate from SPI cells in the medial habenular nucleus.
High ACE activity was also detected in the intermediate and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland, the caudate nucleus, and the medial habenular nucleus.
Most of the labeled neurons were in the medial habenular nucleus (MH) and each of the sub-nuclei of the IP complex was related to a specific part of the MH. When the area of the HRP injection involved the midbrain reticular formation adjacent to the IP complex and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (RT) but not the IP complex itself, there were many labeled cells in the lateral habenular nucleus and the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei, but there were no labeled cells in the medial habenular nucleus..
In morphine-dependent rats, glucose utilization was increased compared with naive controls uniformly (23-54%) in hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum and reduced in frontal cortex, striatum, anterior ventral thalamus, and medial habenular nucleus.
Hypophysectomy, bromocriptine or estrogen treatment enhanced staining for IMP in cells of the pars tuberalis; estrogen treatment or hypophysectomy produced an increase in the number and distribution of immunoreactive cells as well as increased density of reaction product in cells of the medial habenular nucleus.
During this period, the number of neurons in the right medial habenular nucleus decreases by about 48% and attains a final value of 148,000 neurons on the 83rd ontogenic day.
The pars dorsolateralis of the left medial habenular nucleus receives a dense substance P-positive projection.
Fibers entering the diencephalon projected to medial habenular nucleus, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, dorsolateral thalamic area, periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area and mammillary nucleus.
Analyses of series of transverse sections of the brain showed the left medial habenular nucleus to be subdivided into pars dorsolateralis and pars ventromedialis, and the right medial habenular nucleus not to be so subdivided. Centripetal fibers of parietal eye ganglion cells project to only the pars dorsolateralis of the left medial habenular nucleus and terminate there in two distinct fields.
In the medial habenular nucleus 2 neuronal types were distinguished; one of them is restricted to a small near to the commissura habenularis.
Major projections to the IPN originate in the medial habenular nucleus, the region surrounding the dorsal tegmental nucleus (accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus and the so-called dorsal tegmental nucleus pars lateralis), and the midbrain raphe (nucleus centralis superior and nucleus raphe dorsalis).
The projections of the septofimbrial nucleus supply the nuclei of the diagonal band and the medial habenular nucleus. Projection targets of the vertical limb of the diagonal band are widespread and include the preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, anterior limbic cortex, amygdala, medial habenular nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus and hippocampal formation.
Both intracerebroventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and electrolytical midbrain-raphe lesions in rats induce degeneration of supraependymal axons (SEAs) normally occurring in large numbers upon the ependyma of the medial habenular nucleus and habenular commissure.
The medial habenular nucleus forms last and over a protracted period (E15--19).
No change in the morphology or number of sympathetic fibers in the medial habenular nucleus was observed.
The bed nucleus also projects to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus, the parataenial and paraventricular nuclei, and the medial habenular nucleus, and through the stria terminalis to the medial and central nuclei of the amygdala, and to the amygdalo-hippocampal transition area..
The method of radioautography proves increasing activity in synthetic processes taking place in supraoptic, paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus and in the medial habenular nucleus of the epithalamus.
Electrolytic lesions were placed in the right medial habenular nucleus and after 3--14 days survival, the animals were prepared for electron microscopy.
LH-RH neurons in both the medial septal nucleus and medial preoptic area project via the stria medullaris to the medial habenular nucleus and from there via the fasciculus retroflexus to the interpeduncular nucleus of the midbrain.
No change was observed after ACTH in the dopamine (DA) concentrations of the mentioned areas and in the catecholamine level of the mamillary body, hippocampus, medial habenular nucleus and of the pituitary.
Micro-knife lesions separating the habenula nuclei showed the medial habenular nucleus to be the source of substance P fibres running via the fasciculus retroflexus to the ventral tegmental area. The lateral habenular nucleus receives a substance P projection from the medial habenular nucleus and is the source of cholinergic projection to the interpeduncular nucleus and to the medial habenular nucleus.
This habenular projection arises primarily from large neurons in the medial part of the lateral habenula and also from another group of small cells immediately adjacent to the medial habenular nucleus.
The medial habenular nucleus, the intercommissural and suprahabenular recesses, the habenular commissure and the fibrae periventriculares thalami have the greatest density of SN/100micron of ependymal surface.
Injections of the medial habenular nucleus labeled an abundance of cells in the posterior parts of the supracommissural septum, but also a small number of cells in the diagonal band and mesencephalic raphe.
The neurons of the medial habenular nucleus (MH) were classified into two types.
Other fibers from this region project through the stria medullaris to the medial habenular nucleus and anteromedial nuclhe pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus.
There were no labelled neurons in the medial habenular nucleus after HRP injections in the medianus raphe especially on the dorsalis raphe neurons which have usually been thought of as functionally related to other brainstem structures.
The pineal stalk and medial habenular nucleus also have serotonin-containing cells and an innervation from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG).
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