In primates, spiral-selective neurons in medial superior temporal area are thought to provide the substrate for this ability. 
In this work, we show that the majority of neurons in the medial superior temporal area (MST), which receives input from MT, have this pattern-selective property.
Recent studies have described vestibular responses in the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd), a region of extrastriate visual cortex thought to be involved in self-motion perception.
Visual and vestibular signals converge onto the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd) of the macaque extrastriate visual cortex, which is thought to be involved in multisensory heading perception for spatial navigation.
We recorded from neurons in the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd) of alert macaque monkeys and compared the neural responses produced by the retinal slip associated with saccades (active motion) to responses evoked by identical motion presented during fixation (passive motion).
Labeled cells were found in medial parietal area 31; in cingulate area 23; in the anterior (AIP), ventral (VIP), and lateral (LIP) intraparietal areas; in the inferior parietal lobule (fields Opt and PG); and in the medial superior temporal area (MST).
Neurons in cortical medial temporal area (MT) and medial superior temporal area (MST) projecting to the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) and/or to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus (NOT-DTN) were identified by antidromic electrical stimulation in five macaque monkeys.
We explore the origins and neural basis of these effects by recording from neurons in the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd) of alert macaque monkeys.
Further processing including the combination of retinal image motion signals with extra-retinal signals such as the ongoing eye and head movement occurs in subsequent cortical areas as the medial superior temporal area, the ventral intraparietal area and the frontal and supplementary eye field.
Neurons in the dorsal subdivision of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) show directionally selective responses to both visual (optic flow) and vestibular stimuli that correspond to translational or rotational movements of the subject.
Two cortical areas that crucially contribute to the generation and maintenance of smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are the medial superior temporal area (MST) and the pursuit area of the frontal eye fields (FEF).
The cortical substrates for heading perception include the medial superior temporal area (MST) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP).
There are at least two cortical areas that crucially contribute to smooth pursuit and are therefore eligible sites for dynamic gain control: the medial superior temporal area (MST) and the pursuit area of the frontal eye fields (FEFs), which both project to brain stem premotor structures via parallel pathways.
The overlaid results of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) showed that three brain regions showed neural activation during vestibular dizziness while deactivation occurred in response to cold water simulation: (1) supplementary motor area (SMA); (2) middle temporal area/medial superior temporal area (MT/MST); (3) visual association area (BA19).
Recent studies have shown that most neurons in the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd) signal the direction of self-translation (i.e., heading) in response to both optic flow and inertial motion.
Recent findings of vestibular responses in part of the visual cortex--the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd)--indicate that vestibular signals might contribute to cortical processes that mediate the perception of self-motion.
The dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) is involved in the computation of heading direction from the focus of expansion (FOE) of the visual image.
Visual and vestibular heading signals converge in the primate dorsal subdivision of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd), a region thought to contribute to heading perception, but the reference frames of these signals remain unknown.
Past work has suggested that the medial superior temporal area (MST) is involved in the initiation of three kinds of eye movements at short latency by large-field visual stimuli.
Here, we use predictive feedback to explain tuning properties in medial superior temporal area (MST).
Quantitative analyses demonstrate that the representation of the far periphery receives specific connections from the retrosplenial cortex (areas 23v and prostriata), as well as comparatively stronger inputs from the primary visual area (V1) and from areas surrounding MT (in particular, the medial superior temporal area, MST).
Movements of the visual scene evoke short latency ocular following responses (OFRs) in monkeys that are mediated at least in part by the medial superior temporal area of the cortex (MST).
Recent neuroimaging studies have identified putative homologs of macaque middle temporal area (area MT) and medial superior temporal area (area MST) in humans.
Neurons in the dorsal subdivision of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) may be involved in this sensory integration, because they respond selectively to global patterns of optic flow, as well as translational motion in darkness.
PFG is target of somatosensory areas and also of the medial superior temporal area (MST) and temporal visual areas and is connected with IPL, rostral SPL, and ventral premotor arm- and face-related areas.
This area is known to have reciprocal connections with the medial superior temporal area (MST) where frontal pursuit neurons are found.
The motion response properties of neurons increase in complexity as one moves from primary visual cortex (V1), up to higher cortical areas such as the middle temporal (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST).
A parsimonious explanation of our findings is that the signal limiting the precision of direction judgments is a neural estimate of target motion in head-centered (or world-centered) coordinates (i.e., a combined retinal and eye motion signal) as found in the medial superior temporal area (MST), and not simply an estimate of retinal motion as found in the middle temporal area (MT)..
Area TPOc, which may partly overlap with the location of the medial superior temporal area MST, exhibited regular patchy staining for CO in layers III/IV and a complementary pattern in the NF stain.
The medial superior temporal area of extrastriate cortex (MST) contains signals selective for nonuniform patterns of motion often termed "optic flow." The presence of such tuning, however, does not necessarily imply involvement in perception.
We tested this proposal by measuring the effects of unilateral V1 lesions on the magnitudes and latencies of responses to fast- and slow-motion (depicted by random dot kinematograms (RDK) ) of single neurons in areas MT and medial superior temporal area (MST) of anaesthetized macaque monkeys.
This selectivity was less common in the medial superior temporal area (MST) and virtually absent in the middle temporal area (MT).
The results indicate that the global, but not the local, processing stage of the visual motion system is compromised in schizophrenia patients, thus implicating motion-sensitive brain areas that possess large receptive fields for spatial and temporal integration, such as Middle Temporal Area/medial superior temporal area..
Recent studies in macaque suggest that correction for pursuit may occur in the dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd); neurons in this area are tuned to the retinal position of the focus and they modify their tuning to partially compensate for the focus shift caused by pursuit.
We examined neuronal signals in the monkey medial superior temporal area (MST), the medial intraparietal area (MIP), and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) during visually guided hand movements.
We performed a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments to divide the human MT+ complex into subregions that may be identified as homologs to a pair of macaque motion-responsive visual areas: the middle temporal area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST).
human MT (middle temporal area) / MST (medial superior temporal area) complex) was activated in dynamic stereopsis.
The macaque medial superior temporal area (MST) is proposed to be specialized for analyzing complex 'optic flow' information.
Lesion data from monkeys suggest that these vergence responses are mediated, at least in part, by neurons in the medial superior temporal area of the cerebral cortex, and we here review a recent study of the associated single unit activity in that area. We conclude that the discharges of the disparity-sensitive cells in the medial superior temporal area each represent only a very limited aspect of the sensory stimulus (and/or associated motor response?), but when pooled together, they provide a complete description of the vergence velocity motor response: population coding..
To pursue this cortical flow of information from visual motion areas to the motor cortex, single-cell activity was recorded from visual areas MT/MST (middle temporal area/medial superior temporal area) and from primary motor cortex (M1) while monkeys tracked moving targets with their right hand.
Projection neurons were found in all subregions of the middle temporal area (MT) as well as in the medial superior temporal area (MST).
The model includes the cerebral medial superior temporal area (MST), Purkinje cells (P cells) of the ventral paraflocculus, the accessory optic and climbing fiber systems, the brain stem oculomotor network, and the oculomotor plant.
We studied whether the dorsal division of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) in the macaque has activity related to structure-from-motion (SFM) processing.
The most studied areas are the medial superior temporal area in the monkey, which has been linked to heading determination, and the lateral suprasylvian area in the cat, where many cells are sensitive to motion in depth, and some are selective for optic flow patterns generated during locomotion.
The dipole sources of the component were estimated in the cortex around the superior temporal sulcus, insula and medial superior temporal area.
Psychophysical studies indicate the existence of specialized detectors for component motion patterns (radial, circular, planar) that are consistent with the visual motion properties of cells in the medial superior temporal area (MST) of nonhuman primates.
Single-unit discharges were recorded in the medial superior temporal area (MST) of five behaving monkeys.
Irrespective of whether injections were made in the centre or periphery, area V6 showed reciprocal connections with areas V1, V2, V3, V3A, V4T, the middle temporal area /V5 (MT/V5), the medial superior temporal area (MST), the medial intraparietal area (MIP), the ventral intraparietal area (VIP), the ventral part of the lateral intraparietal area and the ventral part of area V6A (V6AV).
These results suggest possible homologies with the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area and area 7a in the monkey..
Labeled neurons were also found in other proposed extrastriate areas such as the dorsomedial visual area (DM), dorsointermediate area (DI), middle temporal crescent (MTc), medial superior temporal area (MST), ventral posterior parietal area (VPP), and caudal inferotemporal cortex (ITc), but these connections were more variable and less dependent on the retinotopic position of injection sites in V2.
Such segregation appears to occur at later stages of the macaque motion processing stream, in the medial superior temporal area (MST), and has also been described in invertebrate visual systems where it appears to be involved in the important function of distinguishing background motion from object motion..
The pattern of inputs to LIPv largely overlapped those to zone MSTdp, a newly described subdivision of the medial superior temporal area.
Within the superior temporal sulcus, we identified a densely myelinated zone termed the dorso-posterior subdivision of the medial superior temporal area (MSTdp) that bordered middle temporal area (MT).
The dependence of the OFR on horizontal disparity steps was studied in three monkeys (Macaca fuscata), and the associated unit discharges in the medial superior temporal area (MST) were studied in two of these.
The processing of optic flow information has been extensively investigated in the medial superior temporal area (MST) of the macaque.
To learn whether the information in these regions remained segregated further along the visual pathways, we made injections of retrograde tracers into two visual areas to which MT projects [ the medial superior temporal area (MST) and fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (FST)] and then labeled the wide-field and local organization using 2-deoxyglucose.
Many neurons in the lateral-ventral region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTl) have a clear center surround separation in their receptive fields.
Electrophysiological studies indicate that these tracking responses are mediated by a pathway that includes the medial superior temporal area of the cerebral cortex.
These two perceptual functions are mediated by different parts of the posterior parietal cortex, the former in the dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) and the latter in area 7a..
The present study was aimed at investigating the sensitivity to linear vestibular stimulation of neurons in the medial superior temporal area (MST) of the macaque monkey.
Accumulating evidence suggests that, despite their short latency, all are mediated by the medial superior temporal area of cortex..
Recent studies in macaque suggest that correction for pursuit may occur in the dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) because these neurons are tuned to the retinal position of the focus and they modify their tuning during pursuit to compensate partially for the focus shift.
Other sparser and less consistently revealed connections were with the medial superior temporal area, the area of the fundus of the superior temporal sulcus, and the caudal dorsolateral area.
Physiological observations on the motion-sensitive areas of monkey visual cortex suggest that the medial superior temporal area (MST) is well suited for the analysis of optic flow information.
We studied neurons in the medial superior temporal area (MST) of monkey visual cortex, recording responses to FOE stimuli presented during fixation and smooth pursuit eye movements.
The cortical medial superior temporal area (MST) is essential for the normal execution of smooth pursuit eye movements.
Summation was tested for large annular stimuli, and shown to hold up to 70 degrees in some cases, suggesting very large receptive fields for this type of motion (consistent with the physiology of neurones in the dorsal region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd)).
We recorded the responses of 189 medial superior temporal area (MST) neurons by using optic flow, real translational movement, and combined stimuli in which matching directions of optic flow and real translational movement were presented together.
In both species of New World monkeys, the DM region was more heavily myelinated than adjacent cortex, and this region was connected with the first and second visual areas, the middle temporal area (MT), the medial area, the ventral posterior parietal area, the dorsointermediate area, the dorsolateral area, the ventral posterior and ventral anterior areas, the medial superior temporal area, the fundal area of the superior temporal sulcus, the inferior temporal cortex, and frontal cortex in or near the frontal eye field.
In two previous studies, we had demonstrated the influence of eye position on neuronal discharges in the middle temporal area, medial superior temporal area, lateral intraparietal area and area 7A of the awake monkey (Bremmer et al., 1997a,b).
Motion of a large-field pattern elicits short-latency ocular following responses (OFR) in the monkey, which are mediated at least in part by the medial superior temporal area of the cortex (MST).
In this paper, I report the existence of clustered organization in the medial superior temporal area (MST) of the dorsal stream, which is arguably the highest dominantly visual area on this pathway.
The medial superior temporal area of the macaque monkey extrastriate visual cortex can be divided into a dorsal medial (MSTd) and a lateral ventral (MSTl) region.
The onset latencies of single-unit responses evoked by flashing visual stimuli were measured in the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and in cortical visual areas V1, V2, V3, V4, middle temporal area (MT), medial superior temporal area (MST), and in the frontal eye field (FEF) in individual anesthetized monkeys.
The human homologue of area V5A of rotation-selective cells in the monkey medial superior temporal area (MST) was identified using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
To test the effects of complex visual motion stimuli on the responses of single neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST) of the macaque monkey, we compared the response elicited by one object in motion through the receptive field with the response of two simultaneously presented objects moving in different directions through the receptive field.
There is evidence that neurons in medial superior temporal area (MST) respond to rotation in depth of textured planes.
We have studied the speed sensitivities of 131 neurons in the dorsal region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) that responded to either radial or circular optic flow stimuli.
Both V3 and VP have major connections with areas V2, V3A, posterior intraparietal area (PIP), V4, middle temporal area (MT), medial superior temporal area (dorsal) (MSTd), and ventral intraparietal area (VIP).
Smooth pursuit is controlled by the FEF and the medial superior temporal area, located in the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere.
Altogether, 109 neurons from the middle temporal area (area MT) and the medial superior temporal area (area MST) were tested for influence of eye position on their stimulus-driven response in a fixation paradigm.
Many neurons in the dorsal region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) of monkey cerebral cortex respond to optic flow stimuli in which the center of motion is shifted off the center of the visual field.
Anatomic evidence has shown that VIP receives input from the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) also.
Neurons in primate dorso-medial superior temporal area responded selectively to an expansion focus in a certain part of the visual field, and this selective region shifted during tracking eye movements in a way that compensated for the retinal focus shift.
Extraretinal signals suggest that the lateral occipitotemporal cortex may contain a human homologue not only of MT but also of other components of the monkey V5 complex, such as the medial superior temporal area..
Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and up to four different fluorochromes in V2 labeled neurons and terminations in V2 and in 1) caudal (DLc) and rostral (DLr) subdivisions of dorsolateral cortex between V2 and the middle temporal area (MT); 2) regions we define as dorsomedial (DM) and dorsointermediate (DI) areas; 3) MT, medial superior temporal area (MST), and fundal superior temporal area (FST); 4) the dorsal part of inferior temporal (TEO) cortex; and 5) two locations in posterior parietal cortex.
Visually responsive areas homologous to the middle temporal/medial superior temporal area complex and unidentified parietal visual areas were also observed.
The model predicts some salient features of monkey pursuit data and suggests a functional role for the extraretinal input to the medial superior temporal area (MST)..
Neurons in the dorsal region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) have previously been shown to respond to the expanding radial motion that occurs as an observer moves through the environment.
Several areas in the monkey dorsal visual pathway, including the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area, have been found to contain cells responding to movements of a wide visual field and are suggested to be involved in analyzing self-induced motion information.
Projections from sFEF terminated in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), the ventral intraparietal area (VIP), and the parietal part of visual area V3A, in the fundus of the superior temporal visual area (FST), the middle temporal area (MT), the medial superior temporal area (MST), the temporal part of visual area V4, the inferior temporal area (IT), and the temporal-occipital area (TEO) and in occipital visual areas V2, V3, and V4.
Neurons were mostly recorded in the medial superior temporal area (MST) (187/250) and the middle temporal area (MT) (57/250).
Cells in the dorsal division of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) have large receptive fields and respond to expansion/contraction, rotation, and translation motions.
The medial superior temporal area (MST) is an extrastriate area of the macaque visual cortex.
The estimates of the directionality (median Id = 0.97) of STPa cells was similar to that reported for posterior motion processing areas (the middle temporal area, MT, and the medial superior temporal area, MST).
We tested the disparity sensitivity of neurons from the medial superior temporal area (MST) in awake behaving monkeys.
Although cells in ventral part of the medial superior temporal area (MST) do not respond to movements of a wide textured field, many of them start to respond when a stationary object is placed in front of the moving field.
Ibotenic acid lesions in the monkey's middle temporal area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST) in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) have previously been shown to produce a deficit in initiation of smooth-pursuit eye movements to moving visual targets.
In these experiments we examined the receptive field mechanisms that support the optic flow field selective responses of neurons in the dorsomedial region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd).
Neurons in the dorsomedial region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) have large receptive fields that include the fovea, are directionally selective for moving visual stimuli, prefer the motion of large fields to small spots, and respond to rotating and expanding patterns of motion as well as frontal parallel planar motion.
These include major connections with the rostral subdivision of the dorsolateral area (DLR), ventral posterior parietal cortex in the Sylvian fissure, the middle temporal area (MT), the medial superior temporal area (MST), ventral cortex just rostral to V II, and cortex in the inferior temporal sulcus.
DLR has strong connections with cortex just rostral to dorsal V II, ventral posterior parietal cortex in the sylvian fissure, MT, the medial superior temporal area, FST, and the inferior temporal sulcus.
In the superior temporal sulcus, cells were found within several motion-sensitive areas, including the middle temporal area (MT), the medial superior temporal area (MST), the fundus of the superior temporal area (FST), and the superior temporal polysensory area (STP), as well as within anterior portions of the sulcus whose organization is as yet poorly defined.
The dorsal part of medial superior temporal area (MST) has two unique types of visually responsive cells: 1) expansion/contraction cells, which selectively respond to either an expansion or a contraction; and 2) rotation cells, which selectively respond to either a clockwise or a counterclockwise rotation.
The dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area (MST) is characterized by clusters of three types of visually responsive cells: Direction cells, which respond to a straight frontoparallel movement in a particular direction; Expansion/contraction cells, which selectively respond to either an expansion or contraction; and Rotation cells, which selectively respond to either a clockwise or counterclockwise rotation.
This provides added evidence that alteration of middle temporal area (MT) and medial superior temporal area (MST) modifies visual-motion but not visual-position information.
The present experiments were designed to test the effect of such chemical lesions in an area within the STS to which MT projects, the medial superior temporal area (MST).
One group of cells, comprising all cells located in the dorsal-medial region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) and some cells in lateral-anterior MST (MST1), responded to the motion of a large patterned field but showed little or no response to small spots or slits.
We investigated cells in the middle temporal visual area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST) that discharged during smooth pursuit of a dim target in an otherwise dark room.
We studied two visual areas within the STS, the middle temporal area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST).
In all animals portions of extrastriate cortex were also removed but the medial superior temporal area in the superior temporal sulcus was largely spared.
This region is anteriorly adjoined to the dorsal two-thirds of MT, has a width of 4-5 mm mediolaterally, and therefore may correspond to the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area (MST), which was previously defined as a MT-recipient zone.
In addition, MT has reciprocal connections with two previously unidentified cortical areas, which we have designated the medial superior temporal area (MST) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP).
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