There were no significant differences in the expression of galanin-like peptide (Galp) or Kiss1 mRNA in the arcuate or periventricular hypothalamic area of control and JB-1-treated animals at a time point when food intake and estrous cycles were different between controls and JB-1-treated rats. 
These alterations were accompanied by a significantly elevated mean numerical density of astrocytes (positive for glial fibriallary acidic protein; GFAP+) within the periventricular hypothalamic area (PER) of the insulin-treated rats (P < 0.05).
For astrocytes, a tendency towards an increased glia/neuron ratio was observed in the periventricular hypothalamic area.
Moreover, numerical density of TH-positive neurons was clearly increased within the parvocellular division of the PVN (P<0.0001) as well as in the periventricular hypothalamic area (PER; P<0.05).
The hamster periventricular hypothalamic area has been the focus of functional research concerning photoperiodic time measurement.
The forebrain afferent connections of the PaVT were found to originate mainly in the lateral and periventricular hypothalamic area, the medial preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial septum where the fluorescent nerve cell bodies appeared particularly numerous.
Subsequent to an injection in the medial cerebellar nucleus (NM), cell labeling was present in more rostral hypothalamic levels including the lateral and dorsal hypothalamic areas, the dorsomedial nucleus, around or in fascicles of the column of the fornix, and in the periventricular hypothalamic area.
Double immunolabelling on semithin sections revealed glutamate decarboxylase immunopositive dots surrounding somatostatin-containing cell sections in the rat periventricular hypothalamic area.
Dense populations of cell somata were present in many major areas including neocortex, piriform cortex, hippocampus, amygdaloid complex, nucleus caudatus, nucleus accumbens, anterior periventricular hypothalamic area, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, nucleus arcuatus, medial to and within the lateral lemniscus, pontine reticular nuclei, nucleus cochlearis dorsalis and immediately dorsal to the nucleus tractus solitarii.
This chlorinated organic solvent also produced a discrete dose-dependent increase of noradrenaline (NA) turnover within the anterior periventricular hypothalamic area and with the highest concentration an increase of NA turnover in the anteromedial frontal cortex. DCM reduced NA levels dose-dependently in the posterior periventricular hypothalamic area and also reduced NA levels in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (1000 ppm).
Lesions in the periventricular hypothalamic area in male rats results in a "feminization" of steroid metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
These changes were associated with rapid reductions of NA levels in the subependymal layer of the median eminence, in the nuc, dorsomedialis hypothalami and in the anterior and posterior periventricular hypothalamic area as revealed by quantitative microfluorimetrical measurements of CA fluorescence.
The present study indicates that the anterior periventricular hypothalamic area is important in the control of the sexually differentiated steroid metabolism and PRL receptors in the liver and that the amygdaloid complex also may have regulatory influences on this system.
Such an effect was also seen when lesions involving mainly the anterior periventricular hypothalamic area and the suprachiasmatic nucleus were performed in male rats.
Whereas this pathway exhibits a striking asymmetry at the level of the habenular ganglia, its projections to the dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus, the periventricular hypothalamic area, the preoptic hypothalamic and telencephalic regions, and the pretectal area are arranged in a strictly symmetric manner.
Such an effect was also seen when lesions involving mainly the anterior periventricular hypothalamic area and the suprachiasmatic nucleus were performed in male rats.
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