At postnatal day (P) 7, many Lmx1b-expressing neurons were found in the posterior hypothalamic area, supramammillary nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus. 
In addition, CTB-positive neurons were abundant in the central amygdaline nucleus, terminal stria bed nuclei, median preoptic nucleus, medial and lateral preoptic areas, dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, posterior hypothalamic area and periventricular thalamic nucleus.
Orexin B immunoreactive neurons were mainly localized in the perifornical area (PeF), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), zona incerta (ZI) and the posterior hypothalamic area (PH), with a sparser distribution in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posterior hypothalamic area is a new treatment option for patients with refractory chronic cluster headache (CCH). In 2006 a case report of the first patient in Germany to be operated on to allow DBS was published, and we now present a report of this patient's course in the first 6 months after the operation; in addition, a current literature review is discussed.In July 2005 a DBS lead was placed in the left posterior hypothalamic area of this 39-year-old woman with CCH. Because of intolerable subjective side effects and tension-related pain at the site of the connection cable, in September 2006 the whole system was explanted at the patient's request.DBS in the posterior hypothalamic area is an invasive treatment option for use in cases with CCH that is refractory to any pharmacological therapy.
The highest level of activation in hypothalamic structures was seen in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN) and posterior hypothalamic area (PH) after electrical pain stimulation and in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and lateral hypothalamic area level 28 (LHA-28) after i.v.
The objective of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of chronic stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) in cluster headache (CH) patients.
We have found that ZI projects mainly to laterally located brain stem structures, whereas the main efferents from the IHy are the reuniens thalamic nucleus, precommissural nucleus, posterior hypothalamic area and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter.
Beyond the overall brain size differences in the sexes, the following significantly different regions were found: males were larger in the thalamus, primary motor cortex and posterior hippocampus, while females were larger in posterior hypothalamic area, entorhinal cortex and anterior hippocampus.
A more modest increase in neuronal nuclear Egr-1 was observed in the medial posterior hypothalamic area, the mesencephalic periventricular area, the ventral tegmental area, the inferior colliculus, the nucleus paramedianus of the midbrain, and the intercollicular nucleus.
Orexin neurons localize in the posterior hypothalamic area, which was previously described as "waking center" by von Economo in 1920s.
Impregnated neurons from the periaqueductal gray (PAG), posterior hypothalamic area (PH), nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), and cuneiform nucleus (CfN) were examined in coronal sections.
In this study, we test the hypothesis that caudal SCN efferents to the subparaventricular zone (SPVZ) control the rhythm in rest-activity (R-A) through projections on posterior hypothalamic area arousal systems (PHA). In contrast, large excitotoxic lesions of the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) that effectively ablate populations of hypocretin and melanin concentrating hormone neurons projecting to cortex and subcortical arousal areas decrease R-A rhythm amplitude but do not disrupt circadian regulation.
After injection of Fluoro-Gold into the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats, endomorphin 1/Fluoro-Gold or endomorphin 2/Fluoro-Gold double-labeled neuronal cell bodies were predominantly observed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a few of which were also observed in the posterior hypothalamic area and periventricular hypothalamic nucleus.
RESULTS: We found that Narp colocalizes with hypocretin in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the dorsal hypothalamic area (DHA), and the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) of the normal human.
Impregnated neurons from seven brain areas were examined in coronal sections: the periaqueductal gray, posterior hypothalamic area, nucleus of the tractus solitarius, rostral ventrolateral medulla, cuneiform nucleus, nucleus cuneatus, and cerebral cortex. There were significant differences between groups in the posterior hypothalamic area, periaqueductal gray, cuneiform nucleus, and nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the inner rings, outer rings, and the total number of intersections per animal.
We studied the effects of somatostatin receptor modulation in the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) of the rat on dural nociceptive input.
In the hypothalamus, irNPB cells were present in the medial preoptic area and nucleus, ventromedial preoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, accessory neurosecretory nuclei, periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, supraoptic retrochiasmatic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, posterior hypothalamic area, dorsal hypothalamic area, and zona incerta.
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-(55-102)-immunoreactive perikarya co-expressed melanin-concentrating hormone-immunoreactivity in the lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, zona incerta and posterior hypothalamic area.
Within the forebrain, retrogradely labeled cells were found in the claustrum, basal nucleus of Meynert, substantia innominata, extended amygdala, lateral and posterior hypothalamic area, field H of Forel, and a number of thalamic nuclei with the strongest labeling in the nuclei ventralis lateralis, ventralis posteromedialis, including its parvocellular part, medialis dorsalis and centrum medianum, and weaker labeling in the nuclei ventralis anterior, ventralis posterolateralis, intermediodorsalis, paracentralis, parafascicularis and pulvinaris anterior.
Although we have documented that physical exercise leads to molecular changes in the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA), the impact on neuronal activity is unknown.
In the posterior hypothalamic area (Hp), fos-positive cells rose from 4 (0-14) to 35 (17-45; P = 0.015) Taken together with other physiological studies, the data are consistent with a role for hypothalamic structures in the modulation of trigeminovascular nociceptive afferent information, and thus for a role in headache..
As the posterior hypothalamus is involved in the central modulation of nociception we studied the effects of hypocretin/orexin receptor activation in the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) of the rat on dural nociceptive input.
We also studied a possible enhanced pressor response to angiotensin II in aortic coarctated rats in the anterior and posterior hypothalamic area. The pressor response to angiotensin II in the anterior hypothalamic area (SO rats, DMAP: 4.2+/-1.2 mm Hg; ACo rats, DMAP: 21.7+/-3.7 mm Hg, P<0.05) but not in the posterior hypothalamic area was enhanced in aortic coarctated rats.
In contrast, expression of c-Fos was significantly increased following both acute and repeated thermal exposures in subregions of hypothalamus (the median and medial preoptic nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and the posterior hypothalamic area), septum (the ventral and dorsal portions of the lateral septum), midbrain (the periaqueductal gray and the intermediate layers of superior colliculus), as well as in the dentate gyrus and the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus, suggesting specificity of their responses to external temperatures.
Retrograde labelling results confirmed that the medial preoptic area, subparaventricular zone, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and posterior hypothalamic area all received projections from the SCN; these projections arose predominantly from the shell, as opposed to the core, of the SCN.
We confirmed by in situ hybridization that prepro-Hcrt/OX mRNA expression is restricted to the lateral hypothalamus area with extension to the perifornical nucleus and the posterior hypothalamic area.
The posterior hypothalamic area, a periventricular region in the caudal-most diencephalon, has been shown to play a role in mediating the coupling of locomotion and cardiorespiratory activity. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a deficiency in the inhibitory GABA neurotransmitter system within the posterior hypothalamic area contributes to tonically elevated levels of arterial blood pressure.
In food-restricted animals, the expression of CART was lower in the retrochiasmatic nucleus (P<0.01), paraventricular nucleus (P<0.001), the dorsomedial nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area (P<0.05), but was higher (P<0.01) in the posterior hypothalamic area.
Fibers projecting from SCN neurons that are immunoreactive for AVP and VIP exhibit a characteristic morphology, and project to the lateral septum, a series of medial hypothalamic areas extending from the preoptic to the posterior hypothalamic area and to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus.
Local microinjection of NPY exhibited the strongest potentiating effect on pentobarbital-induced sedation in the posterior hypothalamic area and Y1 expression was found in the dorsal-premammillary and medial part of medial mammillary nuclei. These results show that Y1 is essential for NPY-induced enhancement of sedation and place this activity of NPY in the posterior hypothalamic area, a region of the brain previously implicated in the regulation of the wake-sleep cycle..
Orexin-producing neurons are exclusively distributed in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the posterior hypothalamic area and the perifornical nucleus in rats.
Sections through the LHA, from the level of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA), were processed by dual-label immunocytochemistry for Fos- and OXY-A-immunoreactivity (-ir).
This study provides an analysis of the chemoarchitecture of the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) and a retrograde transport analysis of inputs to the PHA in the rat.
A caudal pathway projects medially to the posterior hypothalamic area and periaqueductal gray and caudally along the brachium of the superior colliculus to the medial pretectal area and the nucleus of the optic tract (IGL and VLG).
Fos-positive neurons were predominantly present in the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and some of them were seen in the lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, perifornical region, posterior hypothalamic area, circular nucleus, and along relatively large blood vessels (lateral hypothalamic perivascular nucleus) in the anterior hypothalamus.
Chronic experiments were performed on seven cats to study the effects of high-frequency electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area on the characteristics of paradoxical sleep; the excitability of this structure at different stages of paradoxical sleep was determined.
The mammillary complex as well as the posterior hypothalamic area represented the most heavily labelled structures in the posterior hypothalamus.
Histaminergic neurons in adult vertebrate brain are confined to the posterior hypothalamic area, where they are comprised of scattered groups of neurons referred to as the tuberomammillary nucleus.
Using immunohistochemistry, AGRP-containing cell bodies were found almost exclusively in the arcuate nucleus, but their projections were distributed widely in the hypothalamus, most conspicuously in the paraventricular (PVN), arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, and the posterior hypothalamic area.
Light microscopy revealed that the lateral hypothalamic area (LH), the posterior hypothalamic area (PH), and the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei (MMN and LMN) are the four major hypothalamic nuclei that give rise to labeled fibers and terminals reaching the rostral medial and dorsomedial BPN subdivisions.
Immunohistochemical study using anti-ORX antiserum showed ORX-immunoreactive (ir) neurons specifically localized within the hypothalamus, including the perifornical nucleus, LHA, DMH, and posterior hypothalamic area.
In parturient rats, a significant number of Fos-positive neurons was observed as compared to virgin or pregnant females in the following brain regions; the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), lateral septal nucleus (LS), medial preoptic area (MPA), periventricular hypothalamic nucleus (Pe), parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PaPVN), magnocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (MaPVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), lateral hypothalamic area (LH), amygdaloid nucleus (AM), supramammillary nucleus (SuM), substantia nigra (SN), central grey (CG), microcellular tegmental nucleus (MiTg), subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (SPF), posterior hypothalamic area (PH), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and ventrolateral medulla (VLM).
Bilateral microinjection of 5 nmol morphine into the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA), periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) or ventral tegmental area (VTA) elicits powerful suppression of nociceptive behaviors in the formalin test, an animal model of injury produced pain.
NADPH-d positive and/or ASS-immunoreactive neurons were localized in the following areas: the anterior hypothalamic area, the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the periventricular complex, the paraventricular nucleus, the parvocellular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, the dorsal hypothalamic area, the posterior hypothalamic area, and the supramammillary nucleus. NOS and ASS double-labeled neurons were found in the anterior hypothalamic area, the supraoptic nucleus, the central part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamic area, ventral part of the parvocellular hypothalamic nucleus, the posterior hypothalamic area, and the supramammillary nucleus.
To investigate whether a causal relationship exists between EEG power and histamine release, the posterior hypothalamic area of the anaesthetized rat was superfused through a push-pull cannula combined with a tungsten electrode.
After Fluoro-Gold injections into the SCN, retrogradely labeled neurons are present in a number of brain areas, including the infralimbic cortex, the lateral septum, the medial preoptic area, the subfornical organ, the paraventricular thalamus, the subparaventricular zone, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the posterior hypothalamic area, the intergeniculate leaflet, the olivary pretectal nucleus, the ventral subiculum, and the median raphe nuclei.
Although both strains exhibited similar distribution patterns for both binding sites, sections derived from SHR expressed a significant increase in the number of [ 3H]pirenzepine binding sites compared to normotensive WKY in caudate putamen, CA3 region of the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, substantia nigra, posterior hypothalamic area and tuberomammillary nucleus.
Scattered NKB neurons were present in the infundibular and paraventricular nuclei, paraolfactory gyrus, posterior hypothalamic area, lateral division of the medial mammillary nucleus, and amygdala. Numerous neurons expressing SP mRNAs were identified in the premammillary, supramammillary, and medial mammillary nuclei; the posterior hypothalamic area; and the corpus striatum.
In the hypothalamus, ChB injections gave rise to retrogradely labeled cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus, retrochiasmatic area, perifornical region, lateral hypothalamic area, and the posterior hypothalamic area. This was also the case in the retrochiasmatic area and posterior hypothalamic area, although these areas received a moderate number-immunoreactive (ir) PHA-L-ir fibers.
Direct projections from the medial vestibular nucleus to the posterior hypothalamic area was found in the macaque monkey by the anterograde and the retrograde tract-tracing methods. After injection of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the ventrolateral part of the medial vestibular nucleus, anterogradely labeled axon terminals were seen bilaterally in the posterior hypothalamic area. After injection of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the posterior hypothalamic area, retrogradely labeled neuronal cell bodies were observed bilaterally in the ventral part of the medial vestibular nucleus with a contralateral predominance..
The delta and theta frequency bands of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) of rats vary according to an ultradian rhythm with a frequency of approximately 1 cycle/100 min.
Effects of a novel TRH analog, montirelin hydrate (NS-3), on the EEG were compared with those of TRH in intact and posterior hypothalamic area (PHA)-lesioned rats.
Similar effects were observed in cats with bilateral lesions of the posterior hypothalamic area.
The majority of Fluoro-gold/Fos labeled neurons were detected in the parastrial nucleus, the medial preoptic area, the anterior hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and adjacent posterior hypothalamic area, and, to a lesser extent, the supramammillary nucleus.
First, both GAD67 and GAD65 mRNAs were detectable by reverse transcription-PCR analysis in the preoptic area, medio-basal hypothalamus, posterior hypothalamic area, and hippocampus of the monkey brain.
The delta and theta frequency bands of the EEG in the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) of the urethane-anaesthetized rat vary according to an ultradian rhythm with a frequency of approximately one cycle per 100 min.
The push-pull technique was used to investigate the effects of neuroactive compounds and experimentally induced blood pressure changes on the release of endogenous serotonin in the posterior hypothalamic area of the rat.
The push-pull technique was used to investigate the release of the excitatory amino acid glutamate in the posterior hypothalamic area of the conscious rat. The increase in glutamate release rate by hypovolaemia or chlorisondamine suggests that the glutamatergic neurons in the posterior hypothalamic area respond to unloading of aortic baroreceptors and possess a counteracting, hypertensive function..
207:135-156) that examined the projections of the posterior hypothalamic area in the monkey by using the autoradiographic technique, the ascending projections of the posterior nucleus (PH) of the hypothalamus have not been systematically examined in any species.
Studies involving hypothalamic lesions in urethane-anaesthetized rats have implicated the posterior hypothalamic area in the hypoxia/hypothermia interaction.
Among the areas that showed a consistent induction of c-fos were many cortical regions, the medial preoptic area and the posterior hypothalamic area, some thalamic nuclei, and several nuclei of the dorsal pontine tegmentum.
The first group was where a significant number of Fos-positive cells were seen 3 h and 24 h after cold exposure, but not observed 14 days after exposure; the regions included the lateral septal nucleus (LS), parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (pPVN), posterior hypothalamic area (PH), supramammillary nucleus (SuM), locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTg), vestibular nucleus (Ves), and nucleus of solitary tract (Sol).
The labeled cells were found in the medial part of lateral habenular nucleus, posterior hypothalamic area, lateral subnucleus of interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter, dorsal paramedial nucleus, preposital hypoglossal nucleus, dorsal paragiganto-cellular nucleus, magnum raphe nucleus, and fastigatum of cerebellum.
When rats were exposed to cold ambient, significant number of Fos-positive neurons was found in the lateral septal nucleus (LS), preoptic hypothalamic area (POA), parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (pPVN), lateral preoptic area (LPO), zona incerta (ZI), paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV), ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (SPF), posterior hypothalamic area (PH), supramammillary nucleus (SuM), microcellular tegmental nucleus (MiTg), lateral lemniscus nucleus (LL), lateral dorsal central grey (CGLD), lateral ventral central grey (CGLV), dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB), locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTg), vestibular nucleus (Ves), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), spinal cord, and cerebellum.
Strong analgesia was elicited from the posterior hypothalamic area, the periaqueductal gray and ventral tegmental area. Analgesia from the periaqueductal gray or nucleus accumbens was accompanied by decreased locomotor activity and catalepsy, whereas analgesia from the posterior hypothalamic area or ventral tegmentum was accompanied by a noticeable increase in locomotor activity and rearing. These results indicate that the primary sites of action of morphine in the formalin test are probably the posterior hypothalamic area and periaqueductal gray, with an additional contribution from regions innervated by tegmental dopamine cells..
In this study, we found that bilateral or unilateral injection of PG (1.6 microliters) into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), contrary to injections into the preoptic area (POA) or posterior hypothalamic area (PHA), severely attenuated circadian changes of locomotor activity in blinded female rats.
In the forebrain, neurons staining intensely for nitric oxide synthase were localized in the olfactory tubercle, the basal ganglia complex, the basal amygdaloid nucleus, suprapeduncular nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic area.
To clarify the differences among the four main vestibular nuclei in the vestibulo-autonomic reflex, we examined the effects of electrical stimulation of superior, lateral, medial and descending vestibular nuclei (SVN, LVN, MVN and DVN) on posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) neurons in the guinea pig.
Wistar rats, anesthetized with pentobarbital and halothane, received dynorphin A(1-13) microinjected into the anterior hypothalamus area (AHA), the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA), the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), or the lateral cerebral ventricle (ICV). Dynorphin A(1-13), 5 or 10 micrograms in the posterior hypothalamic area, was not associated with any change in blood pressure or heart rate.
Hybridization signals of significantly lower intensity were seen in the medial, median and periventricular preoptic area, the supraoptic, dorsomedial, ventral premammillary and lateral mammillary nuclei and in the posterior hypothalamic area.
There was little labelling in the dorsal hypothalamic area but moderate labelling in the posterior hypothalamic area.
Arterial pressure and heart rate responses to microinjections of the GABA synthesis inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP) into the posterior hypothalamic area of anesthetized young (6-8 weeks) and mature (11-16 weeks) hypertensive and normotensive rats were recorded.
Neurons excited by these stimuli in both the intact and denervated cats were found to be concentrated in the posterior hypothalamic area.
However, in this stage, no difference of TH-immunoreactivity was observed in hypothalamic DA neurons in the arcuate nucleus (A12), periventricular area (A14), zona incerta (A13), and posterior hypothalamic area (A11).
Other putative inputs originate in the paraventricular and preoptic hypothalamic nuclei, the zona incerta, nucleus of the solitary tract, central superior raphe nucleus, substantia innominata, posterior hypothalamic area, and thalamic parafascicular nucleus.
In contrast, neither transplanted anterior hypothalamic area, lacking an identifiable SCN-like structure, nor posterior hypothalamic area showed day-night differences in firing rate or 2-DG uptake.
Aromatase activity was measured separately in homogenates of left and right preoptic area, anterior amygdaloid area, medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area and posterior hypothalamic area, by the tritiated water method with [ 1 beta-3H]-androstenedione as a substrate.
Further, microinjection of DuP 753 into the posterior hypothalamic area produced no significant effect on blood pressure or heart rate in NaCl-sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Seizure discharges produced by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus were slightly inhibited, but arousal responses produced by stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation or the posterior hypothalamic area were not inhibited.
Oxytocin binding sites were also observed in the basal nucleus of Meynert, the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca, the ventral part of the lateral septal nucleus, the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area, the posterior hypothalamic area, and variably in the globus pallidus and ventral pallidum.
On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area induced gallbladder relaxation and contraction or relaxation in the sphincter.
In the current study, ANP stores in 12 brain nuclei thought to participate in the pathogenesis of hypertension, including locus coeruleus (LC), A1/C1 area (A1/C1), nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), medial preoptic nucleus (MPON), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN), lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LN), and posterior hypothalamic area (PHA), were compared in 10-week-old male SHR-S and WKY rats following 3 weeks of 1% v 8% NaCl feeding.
In the hypothalamus, these areas included the lateral hypothalamus (including the medial forebrain bundle), the posterior hypothalamic area, the dorsal hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the periventricular area, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the lateral and medial preoptic areas.
They comprised four distinct parts: (i) a major ventral part corresponding to the classical tuberomammillary nucleus, (ii) a medial part including the supramammillary nucleus and part of the posterior hypothalamic area, (iii) a caudal paramammillary part, and (iv) a minor lateral part.
As a further control, Mab KY-ANP-II (0.55 microgram) was microinjected into the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) of SHR-S.
Following injections in the lateral, anterior, and posterior interposed cerebellar nuclei retrogradely labeled cells were present in the following areas (greatest to least concentration): lateral and dorsal hypothalamic areas, dorsomedial nucleus, griseum periventriculare hypothalami, supramammillary and tuberomammillary nuclei, posterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial nucleus and periventricular hypothalamus, around the medial mammillary nucleus, lateral mammillary nucleus, and infundibular nucleus.
The largest number of labeled neurons was found bilaterally in the hypothalamus in the premammillary area, and some neurons were also found slightly more rostral and dorsally towards the posterior hypothalamic area.
Rabbits with the Brown-Pierce carcinoma have been studied in chronic experiments for dynamics of the permanent potential reflecting bioelectrochemical processes in different structures of the hypothalamic and limbic system: medial preoptic area, ventromedial nucleus, posterior hypothalamic area, basal and lateral amygdalas, hippocampus, nucleus coeruleus as well as in central nucleus of the suture.
The inhibitory pancreatic responses with reduced antral and corpus contractility and elevated blood pressure were elicited by stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area, the middle portion of the anterior hypothalamus and the most dorsal area of the hypothalamus.
Damage to the posterior hypothalamic area produces a syndrome of EEG synchrony and behavioral somnolence.
Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area led to a delayed increase in the histamine release in the stimulated area. Stimulation of the medial amygdaloid nucleus reduced the release if histamine in the ipsilateral posterior hypothalamic area, while the histamine release in the contralateral lateral hypothalamic area was enhanced.
Following the injection of the fluorescent tracer, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol-2HCl (DAPI) or Fluoro-Gold (FG), into the hippocampal formation of the cat, retrogradely-labeled cells were seen mainly in the supramammillary nucleus and the posterior hypothalamic area.
Lesioning of the posterior hypothalamic area prevents these effects of the operation, while local coagulation of the lateral hypothalamic area causes a significant decrease of the weight of spleen primary follicules which contain IgM+IgD+-bearing B-lymphocytes exerting characteristics of circulating pool of B-lymphocytes.
Furthermore, when 5-hydroxytryptophan was injected with inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, a large number of small neurons immunoreactive to serotonin was identified in many discrete regions: the anterior and lateral hypothalamic areas, preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, posterior hypothalamic area and nucleus of the fields of Forel.
The behavioral changes and histological damage to the brain of rats were examined following lesions of the midlateral posterior hypothalamic area (MLPHA) made by passing electrical current through a metal electrode or through a glass pipette containing hydrogen ion (HCl) or kainic acid.
SHR and control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were placed on 1% or 8% NaCl diets at age 7 weeks; 2 weeks later, ANF levels were measured in plasma, left and right atria, anterior hypothalamic area, ventral hypothalamic area, posterior hypothalamic area, pons, and medulla by radioimmunoassay.
Furthermore, degenerating cell bodies were observed in the intrafascicular nucleus of the ventromedial midbrain tegmentum, in the supramammillary nucleus, and in the posterior hypothalamic area.
They were identified in the posterior hypothalamic area, rostral arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsal hypothalamic area, and periventricular complex of the hypothalamus, which contain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR cells and are known as A11 to A14 dopaminergic cell groups.
The influence of the midlateral posterior hypothalamic area (MLPHA) on arterial blood pressure and respiration was examined in the rats.
The features of this peptidergic system, its topographic distribution to form intrinsic circuits within the posterior hypothalamic area and probably connections with the pituitary, suggest implications in brain neuromodulatory activities and hypophyseal regulation for this peptide..
Activity of barosensory VLM neurons was enhanced by stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors or the posterior hypothalamic area, whereas it was diminished by increases in arterial pressure elicited by injection of phenylephrine.
The medial and posterior hypothalamic area including the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) sent fibers to approximately the same mesencephalic structures as the anterior hypothalamic area.
A few axons continue dorsally from this "subparaventricular zone" to pass through parvicellular parts of the paraventricular nucleus and the overlying midline thalamic nuclei to end in midrostrocaudal parts of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and a larger number continue caudally to end in the dorsomedial nucleus, dorsal parts of the cell-sparse zone surrounding the ventromedial nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic area.
By far the densest projection ends just dorsal to the SCh in a comma-shaped region designated the "subparaventricular zone," although some fibers continue on through the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to end in the overlying midline thalamus, and others continue on to end in the dorsomedial nucleus, the region around the ventromedial nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic area.
Our data suggest that the specific D2 agonist may effect its central pressor response by stimulating NE release from posterior hypothalamic area, a "pressor" region of hypothalamus, and that this D2 agonist induced pressor mechanism may be blunted in DOCA/NaCl hypertension..
We investigated the projection from the infralimbic division of the prefrontal cortex (area 25) to histaminergic neurons in the posterior hypothalamic area. In the lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas, PHA-L-labeled fibers leave the medial forebrain bundle and traverse the nuclei containing HDC-immunoreactive neurons.
Using a double immunostaining technique with unconjugated cholera toxin (CT) as a retrograde tracer, we have demonstrated in the cat that the nucleus raphe pallidus receives two major afferent projections from the hypothalamus: the preoptic periventricular nucleus; and the peri- and paraventricular zones of the posterior hypothalamic area. Some CT-labeled neurons in the preoptic periventricular nucleus showed Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity, while many CT-labeled neurons in the posterior hypothalamic area presented either corticotropin-releasing-factor-like or Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity..
In sections taken from the posterior hypothalamic area of rats prepared in a conventional way for electron microscopy, distinct populations of large cells can be observed in TM, CM, and PCM displaying the same set of ultrastructural characteristics as the HDC-immunoreactive neurons..
Seven out of 8 barosensory VLM neurons tested (88%) were orthodromically excited by stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area. Thus, spontaneous activity of barosensory VLM neurons is inhibited by afferent inputs from aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors, but is excited by incoming signals from carotid body chemoreceptors and the posterior hypothalamic area.
Histamine-positive neurons were also observed in the supramammillary area and adjacent posterior hypothalamic area, as well as in the peri- and premammillary regions.
The effects of electrophoretically applied prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on neuronal activity in the rat lateral preoptic area (LPOA) and posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) were examined.
MCH-like immunoreactive perikarya and fibers are predominant in the posterior hypothalamic area, mostly in the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamic area subzona incerta and the perifornical area.
Renal vasoconstrictor responses to electrical stimulation of the left greater splanchnic nerve or posterior hypothalamic area were not different between sham and rhizotomized rats.
Abundant and characteristic terminal labelings were observed bilaterally in the nucleus raphe pallidus, the ventral surface of the pyramidal tract and the nucleus interfascicularis hypoglossi, after injections into the dorsal posterior hypothalamic area caudal to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. The present results suggest that the dorsal posterior hypothalamic area projects directly to the spinal-projecting neurons of the nucleus raphe pallidus..
Posterior lateral hypothalamic (LHAp) neurons form a dense cluster spanning the lateral hypothalamus, from the cerebral peduncle to the posterior hypothalamic area at premammillary levels, and extending into the supramammillary nucleus and the adjacent ventral tegmental area.
At 5 and 7 weeks of age, the norepinephrine content of the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) of SHR was significantly greater than that of WKY controls.
Spino-hypothalamic projections were found to terminate mainly on the contralateral side via two routes: (i) The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, distributed to the posterior hypothalamic area.
The main rigid link of this system is the posterior hypothalamic area.
Following WGA-gel implants in the lumbar or sacral cord many retrogradely labeled cells were observed mainly in the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamus, zona incerta, medial basal hypothalamus, and posterior hypothalamic area.
Enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach and neurons in the posterior hypothalamic area could be detected with this antiserum.
HDCI cell bodies were concentrated in the posterior hypothalamic area, such as in the tuberal magnocellular nucleus, caudal magnocellular nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus and lateral hypothalamus just lateral to the fasciculus mammillothalamicus at the level of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus.
Numerous HDCI neurons were found in the posterior hypothalamic area and HDCI nerve fibers with a varicose appearance of fluorescence were widely distributed in various regions of the brain..
In the posterior hypothalamic area of the anaesthetized cat, the rate of release of endogenous histamine varied rhythmically; phases of high rate of release appeared at 60 min cycles.
Numerous labeled cells occurred in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the posterior hypothalamic area, the anterior hypothalamic area, the perifornical nucleus and the area of the tuber cinereum.
A few fibers at the lateral border of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus sweep dorsomedially into the posterior hypothalamic area and midbrain central gray.
Transection of the brain caudal to the hypothalamus almost abolished the release of catecholamines in the posterior hypothalamic area, while that in the anterior hypothalamic area was moderately decreased. The pressor response was associated with increased rates of release of the catecholamines in the anterior hypothalamic area, while the release of catecholamines in the posterior hypothalamic area was reduced. The fall of blood pressure enhanced the rates of release of the catecholamines in the posterior hypothalamic area and reduced their release in the anterior hypothalamic area. caused a fall of blood pressure which was associated with an increased release of catecholamines in the posterior hypothalamic area and a decrease in the rates of release in the anterior hypothalamic area whilst i.v.
The effects of bilateral olfactory bulb (OB) ablation on pressor and behavioral responses to stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) and midbrain reticular formation (MRF) were investigated in unanesthetized and unrestrained rats with chronic electrodes and arterial cannula implants.
The dorsomedial area of the hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, supramammillary region, and posterior hypothalamic area also contained reactive cells.
Enzyme activity was highest in the middle hypothalamic area and lowest in the posterior hypothalamic area.
In anaesthetized cats, anterior and posterior hypothalamic areas were simultaneously superfused with artificial CSF using two push-pull cannulae. The rates of release of the catecholamines in the posterior hypothalamic area were not influenced by the pressor response to stimulation of the splanchnic nerve.
Tolperisone elicited a slight drowsy pattern in the spontaneous EEG of cats at 5 approximately 10 mg/kg, i.v., and inhibited the EEG arousal response and pressor response to stimulation of mesencephalic reticular formation or posterior hypothalamic area.
However, it also has certain more distant projections, rostrally to a narrow zone centered in the ventral part of the lateral septal nucleus, and caudally to the dorsal premammillary nuclei, the posterior hypothalamic area and the central gray. Thus the posterodorsal cell condensation appears to give rise to the bilateral projection to the dorsal premammillary nuclei, while the projections to the septum, the posterior hypothalamic area and the central gray seem to have their origin in the central condensation.
During stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area, the EP were of the positive-negative-positive type.
The ACTH inhibitory area appears to be an extension of portions of the central tegmental tract and to extend medially to the posterior hypothalamic area and the dorsal hypothalamic area and ventrally toward the basal hypothalamus.
These data are consistent with and extend previous suggestions that the set point for body temperature may be dependent on the inherent ratio of the ionic constituents of the posterior hypothalamic area.
The other descends through the periventricular region and posterior hypothalamic area to end in the midbrain central gray.
It was shown that during stimulation of both the field CA1 and the field CA3 of the hippocamp, the EP are widely present in nuclear structures of the posterior hypothalamus (supramammilary area, the posterior hypothalamic area, mammilary bodies).
The dorsal and ventral inhibitory pathways appear to converge in a region extending from just caudal and ventral to the paraventicular nucleus to the posterior hypothalamic area.
In the posterior hypothalamic area Ca++ produced a sharp fall in body temperature but did not cause body temperature to alter when it was perfused through the anterior hypothalamic area.
However, the periventricular fibers seem to project primarily to the posterior hypothalamic area and central gray, as far caudally as the anterior pole of the locus coeruleus, while the medial hypothalamic and medial forebrain bundle fibers apparently terminate mainly in the capsule of the mammillary complex, in the supramammillary nucleus and in the ventral tegmental area.
A brief electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra induced a marked and long lasting inhibition of the somatosensory evoked potentials recorded from the centrum medianum of the thalamus (CM) and posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) following sciatic stimulation in unanesthetized rabbits.
Guide tubes were implanted bilaterally above the posterior hypothalamic area of 23 cats so as to accommodate push-pull cannulae.
Guide tubes were implanted bilaterally above the posterior hypothalamic area of 23 cats so as to accommodate push-pull cannulae.
The posterior hypothalamic area is morphologically the best definable of the hypothalamic areas.
On the basis of their distribution a caudal and a rostral part can be discriminated: the caudal part extends from the area of the dopamine-containing cell bodies in the caudal thalamus, the posterior hypothalamic area and the medial zona incerta (the A11 and A13 cell groups) into the dorsal part of the dorso-medial nucleus and the dorsal and anterior hypothalamic areas; the rostral part extends from the area of the rostral periventricular dopaminergic cell system (the A14 cell group) into the medial preoptic area and the periventricular and suprachiasmatic preoptic nuclei.
Further, within the posterior hypothalamic area as well as in the mesencephalon of the monkey, the characteristics of the ACh releasing sites reflect a function delegated primarily to heat gain, although evidence of a cholinergic pathway for the heat loss system is also presented..
Self-stimulation performance of rats was tested with conditioning pulses to the anterior preoptic area of the medial forebrain bundle followed at various intervals by test pulses to the contralateral posterior hypothalamic area of this bundle.
Sodium ions in a concentration which varied from 13.6 to 68.0 mM in excess of the level in extracellular fluid caused a steep rise in the temperature of the cat when the solution was perfused at sites located within the posterior hypothalamic area.
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