Intraoperative monitoring localized the precentral sulcus within the preoperatively defined tumor volume in 6 (22%) of 27 patients, thereby precluding gross total resection. 
Specifically, activity in the medial superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, precentral sulcus, supramarginal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and posterolateral cerebellum likely reflects willed generation of virtual motor commands and analysis of virtual sensory signals..
The main results are that when contrasted with grooming, both types of gestures (dominant and subordinate) activated an array of brain regions consisting of the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), the inferior parietal lobule bilaterally and the ventral precentral sulcus bilaterally.
Here, we investigated the spatial relationship between posterior frontolateral activations in a task-switching paradigm and the junction of the inferior frontal sulcus and the inferior precentral sulcus (inferior frontal junction, IFJ) on an individual-subject basis.
The location of the border falls at the level of the gyral branch that divides the inferior precentral sulcus from the superior precentral sulcus and corresponded closely to the location of a functional border defined using previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies..
A dissociation was found between brain regions involved in ordinal and temporal control, the latter mainly involving the pre-supplementary motor area, the inferior frontal gyrus, the precentral sulcus, and the superior temporal gyri.
Large segments of precentral sulcus (PreCS) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) were more active when attention was maintained in the periphery than when it was maintained at fixation.
In contrast, activity in frontal and parietal areas (inferior part of the right precentral sulcus, ipsilateral supramarginal gyrus, bilateral inferior parietal lobule, bilateral putamen, and insular cortex) correlated with activation per se, independently of the amount of EMG.
Activity increased monotonically with increasing updating load in numerous cortical and subcortical regions including the rostrodorsal premotor (rdPM), lateral precentral sulcus, lateral prefrontal, posterior associative, striatal and cerebellar areas.
Cortical thickness did not differ between the 2 groups for primary sensory cortex or for the anterior or posterior banks of the precentral sulcus. CONCLUSION: Decreased thickness of M1 on the anterior bank of the precentral sulcus in patients with PLS, demonstrable by MR imaging, indicates a selective loss of upper motor neurons in this disease.
The differences in BOLD signal changes between Stroop conditions (ie, incongruent minus congruent) showed a group x test interaction in the right precentral sulcus, including the putative human frontal eye field (FEF). Even after brief abstinence from smoking, therefore, smokers exhibit compromised functional efficiency in the right FEF and adjacent precentral sulcus in a test of selective attention; and smoking ameliorates this condition..
RESULTS: The points studied were the anterior sylvian point, the inferior rolandic point, the intersection of the inferior frontal sulcus with the precentral sulcus, the intersection of the superior frontal sulcus with the precentral sulcus, the superior rolandic point, the intersection of the intraparietal sulcus with the postcentral sulcus, the superior point of the parieto-occipital sulcus, the euryon (the craniometric point that corresponds to the center of the parietal tuberosity), the posterior point of the superior temporal sulcus, and the opisthocranion, which corresponds to the most prominent point of the occipital bossa.
Examples of three types of empirical arguments are given for the modularity of language mechanisms in Broca's region, and against a unified account of the functional role of this region and of the ventral precentral sulcus (vPCS).
A dissociation was found between brain regions involved in ordinal and temporal control, the latter mainly involving the presupplementary motor area, the inferior frontal gyrus and precentral sulcus, and the superior temporal gyri.
A confusing picture of the functional organization of the dorsal premotor region of the human brain emerged when functional neuroimaging studies that either examined visuomotor hand conditional activity or attempted to localize the human frontal eye field reported activity increases at the same general location, namely the junction of the superior precentral sulcus with the superior frontal sulcus. The results demonstrate that visuomotor hand conditional activity and the frontal eye field lie within distinct parts of the superior precentral sulcus, revealing an organization of the human premotor cortex consistent with that observed in experimental studies in the monkey..
Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic map of the human cortex designates area 4 as cortex in the anterior bank of the precentral sulcus and area 6 as cortex encompassing the precentral gyrus and the posterior portion of the superior frontal gyrus on both the lateral and medial surfaces of the brain.
For low performing patients we found an overlapping lesion area around and anterior to the precentral sulcus (Brodmann's area 6 and 44), encompassing the frontal eye field.We conclude that LH MCA strokes may lead to search impairments in spatial attention, in particular in shifting to the right side of the visual field.
A region within the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, near the junction of the inferior frontal sulcus and precentral sulcus (inferior frontal junction), that has previously been implicated in cognitive control, demonstrated transient increases in activity during updating as well as sustained maintenance activity.
The morphology of the precentral sulcus was examined via 3D visualization in 40 structural magnetic resonance images of the human brain to define its common features and their variability. The precentral sulcus is composed of two distinct sulcal configurations: 1) the inferior precentral sulcus (IP), situated caudal to the inferior frontal sulcus, and 2) the superior precentral sulcus (SP), caudal to the superior frontal sulcus. Two or three small sulci can be identified in the area between the SP and the midline: the medial precentral sulcus, the marginal precentral sulcus, and a paramidline sulcus.
Studies employing functional magnetic resonance imaging have identified the human frontal eye field as being in the anterior and partly in the posterior wall, as well as at the base of the precentral sulcus. Therefore, we studied the cytoarchitectonic structure of the posterior bank of the precentral sulcus of a human brain, employing newly developed spatial mapping techniques to provide data about whether or not this region should be considered cytoarchitecturally homogeneous or heterogeneous. A maximum of activation was detected around the junction of the superior frontal sulcus and the precentral sulcus extending 1.5 cm along the precentral sulcus in direction of the lateral sulcus. We found two significant sectors along the ventral part of the posterior bank of the precentral sulcus.
This region, located in the vicinity of the junction of the inferior frontal sulcus and the inferior precentral sulcus, was termed the inferior frontal junction (IFJ).
Furthermore, irrespective of the modalities of sign and speech, the main effects of task (Sc-Sn) were found primarily in the left regions: the ventral part of the inferior frontal gyrus (F3t/F3O), the precentral sulcus, the superior frontal gyrus, the middle temporal gyrus, the angular gyrus and the inferior parietal gyrus.
Relatively stable landmarks were selected as follows: (1) connection between the superior frontal sulcus (SFS) and the superior precentral sulcus (SPCS); (2) connection between the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS) and the inferior precentral sulcus (IPCS); (3) inferior end of the precentral sulcus (PCS); and (4) origin of the ascending ramus (AscR) of the Sylvian fissure (SYF).
Precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, superior frontal gyrus, precentral sulcus, central sulcus, postcentral sulcus, intraparietal sulcus and superior frontal sulcus were best shown of all structures with an arbitrary score of 2.61-2.77.
precentral sulcus (PrCS) and superior parietal lobe (SPL), two regions commonly associated with motor planning and spatial attention, showed heightened activity in response to increased level of interference from nontargets of high familiarity.
However, recent evidence highlights the importance of a more posterior frontolateral region around the junction of the inferior frontal sulcus and the inferior precentral sulcus (the inferior frontal junction area, IFJ).
RESULTS: SMA syndrome was developed in 6 patients in whom the posterior tumor resection line was at a distance of more than 1 cm from the precentral sulcus and resolved after 12 months. Hemiplegia occurred however in 8 patients in whom the resection line was less than 1 cm to precentral sulcus and only resolved in 3 patients during follow period 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: When the resection is performed at a distance of less than 1 cm from the precentral sulcus, surgery for gliomas of involving the supplementary motor area in the superior frontal gyrus may be result in permanent morbidity..
A negative correlation between serotonin transporter availability and mean MDMA dose was found in occipital visual areas and in the left precentral sulcus of current MDMA users.
Additional activity was discovered together with the primary motor activity, localized around the precentral sulcus.
Audio-visual sentence processing was associated with activation in the left hemisphere in Broca's area, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the superior precentral sulcus, anterior and middle portions of the lateral sulcus, middle superior portions of the temporal sulcus, supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus.
By manipulating the number of times a task was prepared, we could demonstrate that the left inferior frontal junction (IFJ) area (near the junction of inferior frontal sulcus and inferior precentral sulcus), the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the right intraparietal sulcus are involved in task preparation.
A dissociation was found between largely the presupplementary motor area, the right inferior frontal gyrus and precentral sulcus, and the bilateral superior temporal gyri, involved in temporal control, and lateral fronto-parietal areas, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which were implicated in ordinal control.
As a function of explicit rehearsing sentence intonation we found several activation foci in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), the left inferior precentral sulcus, and the left Rolandic fissure.
We show that both contrasts, presented in an auditory comprehension task, yield comparable activations in a consistent set of brain regions, including left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left ventral precentral sulcus (vPCS), and bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS).
VAC intersects the anterior insula (99%), usually at the precentral sulcus.
F3t/F3O) and the left precentral sulcus (L.
Some fMRI studies in humans have located the frontal eye field (FEF) in two distinct regions along the precentral sulcus (PCS): one localized more medically, in the superior precentral sulcus (supPCR) at the junction with the superior frontal sulcus, and the other localized more laterally, along the medial part of the inferior precentral sulcus (infPCR).
For patients with Type I anatomy, the Broca area was adjacent to, and distributed evenly around, the inferior precentral sulcus (IPS).
There was activation in the intraparietal and ventral limbs of the precentral sulcus when subjects observed objects and when they executed movements in response to the objects (canonical neurones). We suggest that in the human brain, the ventral limb of the precentral sulcus may form part of the area designated F5 in the macaque monkey.
Human functional neuroimaging studies have consistently shown that the superior element of the precentral sulcus (sPCS), near the caudal end of the superior frontal sulcus (cSFS), is activated during oculomotor tasks, and refer to this area as the frontal eye field (FEF).
Activations of the inferior frontal and sensorimotor cortex, and the precentral sulcus, were only left sided.
The inferior precentral sulcus in particular was often bifurcated, which made it impossible to determine the posterior boundary of the pars opercularis.
The left junctional area of inferior frontal sulcus and precentral sulcus and the left supramarginal gyrus showed stronger and/or longer-lasting ERDs in past-tense task than in verb task.
Intraoperative monitoring localized the precentral sulcus within the preoperatively defined tumor volume in 6 (22%) of 27 patients, thereby precluding gross total resection.
Imagery-predominant areas included the precentral sulcus at the level of middle frontal gyrus and the posterior superior parietal cortex/precuneus. Moreover, activity of the superior precentral sulcus and intraparietal sulcus areas, predominantly on the left, was associated with accuracy of the imagery task performance. Activity of the inferior precentral sulcus (area 6/44) showed stimulus-type effect particularly for the imagery mode.
With respect to activation of the cortical ocular motor system two separate and distinct areas of activations were delineated in the precentral sulcus of both hemispheres, one ventrolaterally (in BA 9) and the other dorsomedially at the junction of the superior frontal sulcus with the precentral sulcus (in BA 6).
In individual experiments and in a conjunction analysis of the two experiments, we found bilateral blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal increases in temporal (the superior temporal gyrus), parietal (the intraparietal sulcus), and frontal (the precentral sulcus, the inferior frontal sulcus and gyrus, and the frontal operculum) areas during selective and global listening, as compared with passive rest without musical stimulation.
Activation maps revealed a cortical network with right hemispheric dominance, which in all subjects comprised the temporoparietal junction extending into the posterior insula and, furthermore, the anterior insula, pre- and postcentral gyrus, areas in the parietal lobe, the ventrolateral portion of the occipital lobe, and the inferior frontal gyrus extending into the inferior part of the precentral sulcus.
(ii) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed that PMdr activity during the mental-operation tasks was localized in the depths of the superior precentral sulcus, which substantially overlapped the region active during complex finger movements and was located dorsomedial to the presumptive frontal eye fields.
Motor preparation primarily recruited a dorsal premotor area located caudally, within the precentral gyrus (together with the supplementary motor area), whereas spatial attention and memory preferentially activated a more rostral site, in and anterior to the precentral sulcus (in addition to the posterior parietal cortex).
Compared to the congruent and neutral conditions, the incongruent condition produced significant activation within the left inferior precentral sulcus (IpreCS) located on the border between the inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis (BA 44) and the ventral premotor region (BA 6).
Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that division of attention bilaterally activates the caudal prefrontal areas near the precentral sulcus and areas in the intraparietal sulcus.
Further analysis revealed that the fronto-lateral cortex at the junction of precentral sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus and the presupplementary motor area are the crucial frontal components in task preparation..
In contrast, IOR, which leads to prolonged response times to targets that appear at the cued location at a stimulus-onset-asynchrony (SOA)>250 msec, was accompanied by increased activation in brain areas involved in oculomotor programming, such as the right medial frontal gyrus (supplementary eye field; SEF) and the right inferior precentral sulcus (frontal eye field; FEF), supporting the oculomotor bias theory of IOR.
None of the 12 patients in whom the posterior tumor resection line was at a distance of more than 0.5 cm from the precentral sulcus experienced persistent motor deficits. Seven of 12 patients in whom the tumor extended to the precentral sulcus still had motor deficits at the 12-month follow-up assessment.
Recent positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans have localized the frontal eye field (FEF) to the precentral sulcus (PCS). We localized the saccade-related area to the upper portion of the anterior wall of the precentral sulcus and the pursuit-related area to a deeper region along the anterior wall, extending in some subjects to the fundus or deep posterior wall.
One OMA was consistently located at the intersection of the superior frontal sulcus with the fundus of the superior portion of the precentral sulcus, and was the OMA in which saccadic eye movements could be the most easily elicited by electrical stimulation.
During smiling, statistically significant activation was seen in the motor cortex, primarily along the precentral sulcus; this was inferior and anterior to the region that was associated with finger tapping.
At every shift rate, both overt and covert shifts of visuospatial attention induced activations in the precentral sulcus, intraparietal sulcus, and lateral occipital cortex that were of greater amplitude for overt than during covert shifting. Two distinct activation foci were observed within the precentral sulcus for both overt and covert attentional shifts, corresponding to specific anatomical landmarks.
The main finding was that we observed stronger activity in the bilateral cortex lining the inferior part of the precentral sulcus (area 44/ventral premotor cortex), the rostral cingulate motor area, and the right intraparietal cortex when subjects applied a small force in comparison to when they generated a larger force.
All tasks activated a similar cortical network including posterior parietal (banks of the intraparietal sulcus), premotor (banks of the inferior precentral sulcus) and prefrontal regions (banks of the inferior frontal sulcus), and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA).
The frontal eye field, the ventral precentral sulcus and the following posterior parietal regions were consistently activated: (i) the postcentral sulcus; (ii) the posterior; and (iii) the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus; and (iv) the junction of the intraparietal with the transverse occipital sulcus.
In contrast, syntactic processing requirements led to an increased activation in the inferior tip of the left frontal operculum (BA 44) and the cortex lining the junction of the inferior frontal and inferior precentral sulcus (BA 44/6).
We describe 13 patients with symmetric polymicrogyria of both frontal lobes back to the precentral sulcus: bilateral frontal polymicrogyria (BFP).
According to cognitive conjunction analysis, the set of activations common to both tasks included the intraparietal sulcus, ventral precentral sulcus, supplementary motor area, frontal eye fields, thalamus, cerebellum, left temporal neocortex, and right insula.
The stationary directional cue produced larger modulations than the neutral cue, with respect to a passive viewing baseline, both in motion-sensitive areas such as left MT+ and the anterior intraparietal sulcus, as well as motion-insensitive areas such as the posterior intraparietal sulcus and the junction of the left medial precentral sulcus and superior frontal sulcus.
Comparisons between attentive tracking and passive viewing revealed bilateral activation in parietal cortex (intraparietal sulcus, postcentral sulcus, superior parietal lobule, and precuneus), frontal cortex (frontal eye fields and precentral sulcus), and the MT complex (including motion-selective areas MT and MST).
Variations in localization of the central sulcus and the sulci around the central sulcus namely the superior frontal sulcus, precentral sulcus, postcentral sulcus, marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus were studied in vertex sections retrospectively by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method in 3580 cases. 16 variations related to localization of the superior frontal sulcus, precentral sulcus, central sulcus, postcentral sulcus and the marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus were identified.
A recent physiological study suggested that the human frontal eye field (FEF) is located in the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 8) and the precentral gyrus around the precentral sulcus. More recent studies stressed the role of the precentral sulcus and the precentral gyrus.
In the region of the precentral sulcus movement related activity was located immediately caudal to the area activated during selection.
The FEF were restricted to the precentral sulcus, and did not extend anteriorly into Brodmann area 8, which has traditionally been viewed as their location in humans.
The main signs are: the relative morphologies of the superior frontal sulcus and the precentral sulcus, the hook-shaped aspect of the middle part of the central sulcus, the internal end of the central sulcus projection anteriorly to the pars marginalis, the bifid nature of the internal end of the posterior central sulcus contouring the pars marginalis, and the lesser thickness of the posterior central gyrus compared with the precentral gyrus.
Activity in the frontal eye field was found during both saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements at the posterior margin of the middle frontal gyrus and in parts of the precentral sulcus and precentral gyrus bordering the middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann's areas 8, 6, and 9).
Execution of both saccadic and pursuit eye movements induced bilateral FEF activation located medially at the junction of the precentral sulcus and the superior frontal sulcus and extending laterally to the precentral gyrus.
It faces and forms the 'middle knee' of the central sulcus, is located just at the cross point between the precentral sulcus and the central sulcus, and is therefore also visible on the cortical surface..
The mean cortical thickness ratios were as follows: 1.01 for the right hemisphere and 3.01 for the left hemisphere across the precentral sulcus, and 1.03 for the right hemisphere and 0.99 for the left hemisphere across the superior frontal sulcus.
Functional topographic mapping and monitoring facilitate the exact delineation of the adequate resection plane along the precentral sulcus, and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging allows precise correlation of clinical and anatomical data..
His cranial magnetic resonance imaging disclosed that the infarction was located in the left precentral sulcus and at the base of the central sulcus, while the left postcentral gyrus was not involved.
Four regions were activated in all six subjects; the region surrounding the left intraparietal sulcus, the region surrounding the middle part of the left precentral sulcus and the posterior part of the left superior frontal sulcus, the region surrounding the right intraparietal sulcus, and the region surrounding either or both of the left and right cingulate sulci.
The human FEF is thus located either in the vicinity of the precentral sulcus and/or in the depth of the caudalmost part of the superior frontal sulcus.
The peak of frontal activation in response to hearing words is anterior to that associated with repeating words; the former is probably located in Brodmann's area 45, the latter in Brodmann's area 44 and the adjacent precentral sulcus.
Besides activity in visual areas of the occipital cortex, bilateral activity was seen in the precentral sulcus, corresponding to the frontal eye field, and in the deep region of the intraparietal sulcus.
The validated activation field projected exactly onto the right precentral sulcus with the anterior border zone including the right frontal eye field..
Blob-like 2-DG incorporation sites (2-DG active sites) were observed in single frontal sections, e.g., in the anterior cingulate gyrus (CiG) and supplementary and primary motor cortices in the mesial surface, and around the superior precentral sulcus in the premotor area.
Those familiar with the typical pattern and with the common normal variations will be able to use sagittal magnetic resonance imaging to correctly localize lesions by identifying: (a) the five major rami of the sylvian fissure; (b) the subdivision of the triangular inferior frontal gyrus into the M-shaped partes orbitalis, triangularis, and opercularis by the anterior horizontal and anterior ascending rami of the sylvian fissure; (c) the zig-zag shape of the middle frontal gyrus, which characteristically angles sharply and inferiorly to fuse with the anterior surface of the precentral gyrus; (d) T-shaped bifurcation of the posterior end of the inferior frontal sulcus to form the inferior precentral sulcus; (e) separation of the central sulcus from the sylvian fissure by union of the opercular ends of the precentral and postcentral gyri to form the subcentral gyrus inferior to the central sulcus; (f) narrower sagittal dimension of the postcentral gyrus than the precentral gyrus; (g) horseshoe shape of the supramarginal gyrus perched atop the posterior ascending ramus of the sylvian fissure; (h) similar horseshoe shape of the angular gyrus perched atop the posterior end of the superior temporal sulcus; (i) commonly intercalated accessory presupramarginal and preangular gyri; and (j) the arcuate course of the intraparietal sulcus, which separates the superior from the inferior parietal lobules.
We analyzed 130 task-related cells; of these, 127 (99 in primary motor cortex, 28 near the superior precentral sulcus) had average discharges that were significantly modulated with the movement and were related to movement direction, distance, or target position.
Retrograde tracers were injected into the forelimb regions of three cortical motor areas: (1) a dorsal aspect of the premotor cortex (PMd) immediately lateral to the superior precentral sulcus; (2) a ventral aspect of the premotor cortex (PMv) immediately caudal to the genu of the arcuate sulcus and lateral to the arcuate spur; and (3) the primary motor cortex (MI).
Before drug injection, single-unit recordings were made to select injection sites 1) in the dorsal aspect of the PM (PMd) around the superior precentral sulcus where typical set-related activity was frequently recorded and 2) in the ventral aspect of the PM (PMv) immediately caudal to the genu of the arcuate sulcus where movement-related neurons were densely located.
Histological examination showed the cells to be primarily in the primary motor cortex or in the premotor area around the superior precentral sulcus.
Histological reconstruction showed that a vast majority of PM set-related neurons were located in the dorsal aspect of the PM (PMd), medial to the arcuate spur and lateral to the superior precentral sulcus.
On stimulation of the contralateral median nerve in that patient, phase-reversal of SEP waves N1 and P2 was observed not only across the central sulcus but also across the precentral sulcus.
When WGA-HRP was injected into the region immediately lateral to the superior precentral sulcus within the PMd, retrogradely labeled neurons were found in area 6 lying in the mesial wall possibly corresponding to the supplementary motor area (SMA), areas 24 and 23 of the cingulate cortex, rostral region of area 4, and area 5 (area PEa).
Outlines of the following structures were directly identified on sagittal 5-mm MR sections and marked on individual proportional grid overlays: inferior central sulcus, inferior precentral sulcus, inferior postcentral sulcus, anterior ascending ramus and posterior rami of the sylvian fissure, superior temporal sulcus, and calcarine sulcus.
The aim of the study was to identify characteristic relationships of the inferior precentral sulcus to nearby sulci and gyri. MR techniques are described for the direct identification of the anterior ascending ramus of the sylvian fissure and the inferior precentral sulcus. Most frequently, the inferior precentral sulcus is the sulcus posterior to the anterior ascending sylvian ramus (95% in the MR study, 87% in the anatomic study).
The aim of the study was to identify characteristic relationships of the inferior precentral sulcus to nearby sulci and gyri. MR techniques are described for the direct identification of the anterior ascending ramus of the sylvian fissure and the inferior precentral sulcus. Most frequently, the inferior precentral sulcus is the sulcus posterior to the anterior ascending sylvian ramus (95% in the MR study, 87% in the anatomic study).
"Foot" neurons with set- and movement-related activity were distributed near the superior precentral sulcus.
Two distinct tongue nerve projection areas were thus located; one in the lower part of the precentral gyrus ventral to the inferior precentral sulcus, and the other in the medial part of the buried frontal operculum.
Out of 175 movement-related neurons, 59 neurons showed modulation of activity only prior to the hindlimb movement, and the majority of them was distributed in a focal region around the superior precentral sulcus, several mm posteromedial to the genu of the arcuate sulcus.
-
[ View All ]
